References:

1 Fanos V,Cataldi L.Antibiotics or surgery for vesicoureteric reflux in children[J].Lancet,2004,364 (9446):1720-1722.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17359-5.
2 Peters CA,Skoog SJ,Arant BS Jr,et al.Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children[J].J Urol,2010,184(3):1134-1144.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.05.065.
3 Tekgül S,Riedmiller H,Hoebeke P,et al.European Association of Urology.EAU guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children[J].Eur Urol,2012,62(3):534-542.DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.059.
4 Sargent MA.What is the normal prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux?[J].Pediatr Radiol,2000,30 (9):587-593.DOI:10.1007/s002470000263.
5 Skoog SJ,Peters CA,Arant Jr BS,et al.Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux guidelines panel summary report:clinical practice guidelines for screening siblings of children with vesicoureteral reflux and neonates/infants with prenatal hydronephrosis[J].J Urol,2010,184(3):1145-1151.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.05.066.
6 Hannula A,Venhola M,Renko M,et al.Vesicoureteral reflux in children with suspected and proven urinary tract infection[J].Pediatr Nephrol,2010,25 (8):1463-1469.DOI:10.1007/s00467-010-1542-x.
7 Alsaywid BS,Saleh H,Deshpande A,et al.High grade primary vesicoureteral reflux in boys:long-term results of a prospective cohort study[J].J Urol,2010,184 (4 Suppl):1598-1603.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.021.
8 Ural Z,Ulman I,Avanoglu A.Bladder dynamics and vesicoureteral reflux:factors associated with idiopathic lower urinary tract dysfunction in children[J].J Urol,2008,179 (4):1564-1567.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.095.
9 Elder JS,Peters CA,Arant Jr BS,et al.Pediatric Vesicoureteral reflux guidelines panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children[J].J Urol,1997,157 (5):1846-1851.DOI:10.1097/00005392-199705000-00093.
10 Estrada Jr CR,Passerotti CC,Graham DA,et al.Nomograms for predicting annual resolution rate of primary vesicoureteral reflux:results from 2,462 children[J].J Urol,2009,182 (4):1535-1541.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.053.
11 Peters C,Rushton HG.Vesicoureteral reflux associated renal damage:congenital reflux nephropathy and acquired renal scarring[J].J Urol,2010,184 (1):265-273.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.076.
12 Mohanan N,Colhoun E,Puri P.Renal parenchymal damage in intermediate and high grade infantile vesicoureteral reflux[J].J Urol,2008,180(Suppl 4):1635-1638,discussion 1638.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.094.
13 Blumenthal I.Vesicoureteric reflux and urinary tract infection in children[J].Postgrad Med J,2006,82(963):31-35.DOI:10.1136/pgmj.2005.036327.
14 Lebowitz RL,Olbing H,Parkkulainen KV,et al.International reflux study in children:international system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux[J].Pediatr Radiol,1985,15 (2):105-109.DOI:10.1007/bf02388714.
15 Sidhu PS,Cantisani V,Dietrich CF,et al.The EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations for the clinical practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in non-hepatic applications:update 2017 (Short Version)[J].Ultraschall Med,2018,39(2):154-180.DOI:10.1055/a-0586-1107.
16 Koff SA,Wagner TT,Jayanthi VR.The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndromes,primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections in children[J].J Urol,1998,160 (3 Pt 2):1019-1022.DOI:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62686-7.
17 Coplen DE,Austin PF,Yan Y,et al.Correlation of prenatal and postnatal ultrasound findings with the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in children with fetal renal pelvic dilatation[J].J Urol,2008,180(Suppl 4):1631-1634,discussion 1634.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.083.
18 Hafez AT,McLorie G,Bagli D,et al.Analysis of trends on serial ultrasound for high grade neonatal hydronephrosis[J].J Urol,2002,168 (4 Pt 1):1518-1521.DOI:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64508-9.
19 Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection,Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management,Roberts KB.Urinary tract infection:clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months[J].Pediatrics,2012,2012(3):236-237.DOI:10.1542/peds.2011-1330.Epub 2011 Aug 28.
20 Herz D,Merguerian P,McQuiston L,et al.5-year prospective results of dimercapto-succinic acid imaging in children with febrile urinary tract infection:proof that the top-down approach works[J].J Urol,2010,184(Suppl 4):1703-1709.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.04.050.
21 Quirino IG,Silva JM,Diniz JS,et al.Combined use of late phase dimercapto-succinic acid renal scintigraphy and ultrasound as first line screening after urinary tract infection in children[J].J Urol,2011,185 (1):258-263.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.029.
22 Singh-Grewal D,Macdessi J,Craig J.Circumcision for the prevention of urinary tract infection in boys:a systematic review of randomised trials and observational studies[J].Arch Dis Child,2005,90 (8):853-858.DOI:10.1136/adc.2004.049353.
23 Colen J,Docimo SG,Stanitski K,et al.Dysfunctional elimination syndrome is a negative predictor for vesicoureteral reflux[J].J Pediatr Urol,2006,2 (4):312-315.DOI:10.1016/j.jpurol.2006.01.013.
24 Lloyd JC,Hornik CP,Benjamin DK,et al.Incidence of breakthrough urinary tract infection in hospitalized infants receiving antibiotic prophylaxis[J].Clin Pediatr (Phila),2017,56(1):65-70.DOI:10.1177/0009922816638664.
25 Lipski BA,Mitchell ME,Burns MW.Voiding dysfunction after bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation[J].J Urol,1998,159 (3):1019-1021.DOI:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63826-6.
26 Janetschek G,Radmayr C,Bartsch G.Laparoscopic ureteral anti-reflux plasty reimplantation.First clinical experience[J].Annales D Urologie,1995,29(2):101-105.DOI:10.1159/000168808.
27 Elghoneimi A.Paediatric laparoscopic surgery[J].Curr Opin Urol,2003,13(4):329-335.DOI:10.1097/01.mou.0000079418.62186.de.
28 Jayanthi V,Patel A.Vesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation:a minimally invasive technique for the definitive repair of vesicoureteral reflux[J].Adv Urol,2008,2008(1687-6369):973616.DOI:10.1155/2008/973616.
29 Chung PH,Tang DY,Wong KK,et al.Comparing open and pneumovesical approach for ureteric reimplantation in pediatric patients:a preliminary review[J].J Pediatr Surg,2008,43(12):2246-2249.DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.08.057.
30 Riquelme M,Aranda A,Rodriguez C.Laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach for vesicoureteral reflux[J].J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A,2006,16(3):312.DOI:10.1089/lap.2006.16.312.
31 Canon SJ,Jayanthi VR,Patel AS.Vesicoscopic cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation:a minimally invasive option for repair of vesicoureteral reflux[J].J Urol,2007,178(1):269-273.DOI:10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.059.
32 Elder JS,Diaz M,Caldamone AA,et al.Endoscopic therapy for vesicoureteral reflux:a meta-analysis,I:reflux resolution and urinary tract infection[J].J Urol,2006,175 (2):716-722.DOI:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00210-7.