References:

 1Lewis N, Millar A. Biliary Atresia\[J\]. Surgery (Oxford) 2007,25(7): 291¡ª294.
2Orellana M, Rodrigo R, Thielemann L, Guajardo V. Bile duct ligation and oxidative stress in rat: effects in liver and kidney\[J\].Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol,2000,126: 105¡ª111.
3Esrefoglu M,G¨¹l M,Emre MH,et al.Protective effect of low dose of melatonin against cholestatic oxidative stress after common bile duct ligation in rats\[J\]. World J Gastroenterol 2005,11(13): 1951¡ª1956.
4Patwardhan RV, Johnson RF, Hoyumpa A, et al. Normal metabolism of morphine in cirrhosis\[J\]. Gastroenterology,1981,81: 1006¡ª1011.
5Mazoit Jª²X, Sandouk P, Zetlaoui P, Scherrmann Jª²M. Pharmacokinetics of unchanged morphine in normal and cirrhotic subjects\[J\]. Anesth Analg,1987,66: 293¡ª298.
6Hasselstr¢‰m J, Eriksson S, Persson A, et al. The metabolism and bioavailability of morphine in patients with severe liver cirrhosis\[J\]. Br J Clin Pharmacol,1990,29: 289¡ª297.
7Crotty B,Watson KJ, Desmond PV, et al. Hepatic extraction of morphine is impaired in cirrhosis\[J\]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol,1989,36 (5): 501¡ª506.
8Mazoit JX, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM, et al. Extrahepatic metabolism of morphine occurs in humans\[J\]. Clin Pharmacol Ther,1990,48 (6): 613¡ª618.
9Flisberg P, Rudin A, Linner R et al. Pain relief and safety after major surgery. A prospective study of epidural and intravenous analgesia in 2696 patients\[J\]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2003, 47: 457¡ª65.
10Rudin , Lunderberg JF, Hammarlundª²Udenaes M et al. Morphine metabolism after major liver surgery\[J\]. Anesth Analg,2007,104: 1409¡ª1414.
11Song JG, Cao YF, Yang LQ et al. Awakening concentration of desflurane is decreased in patients with obstructive jaundice\[J\]. Anesthesiology,2005,102: 562¡ª565.
12Yang LQ, Li SJ, Cao YF et al. Different alterations of cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform and its geneexpression in livers of patients with chronic liver diseases\[J\]. World J Gastroenterol,2003,9: 359¡ª363.
13Vil¨¢ R, Miguel E, Montferrer N et al. Respitory depression following epidural morphine in an infant of 3 months of age\[J\]. Pediatric Anesthesia,1997,7: 61¡ª64.
14Raoof AA, Van Obbergh LJ,Verbeeck RK. Propofol pharmacokinetics in children with biliary atresia\[J\]. Br J Anaesth,1995,74:46¡ª49.
15Meunier JF, Goujard E, Dubousset AM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Bupivacaine after Continuous Epidural Infusion in Infants with and without Biliary Atresia\[J\].Anesthesiology, 2001,95:87¡ª95.
16Chen JZ, Murray M, Liddle C et al. Downregulation of male specific cytochrome P450s 2C11 and 3A2 in bileª²duct ligated male rats: Importance to reduced hepatic content of cytochrome P450 in cholestasis\[J\]. Hepatology,1995,22: 580¡ª587.
17Chen JZ, Farrell GC. Bile acids produce a generalized reduction of the catalytic activity of cytochromes P450 and other hepatic microsomal enzymes in vitro: Relevance to drug metabolism in experimental cholestasis\[J\]. J Gastroenterol and Hepat,1996,11:870¡ª877.
18Chen JZ, Robertson G, Field J et al. Effects of Bile Duct Ligation on Hepatic Expression of Femaleª²Specific CYP2C12 in Male and Female Rats\[J\]. Hepatology,1998,28:624¡ª630.
19Jokinen MJ, Neuvonen PJ, Lindgren L et al. Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in patients with chronic end stage liver disease\[J\]. Anesthesiology,2007,106: 43¡ª45.
20Palmer SN, Giesecke NM, Body SC,et al. Pharmacogenetics of Anesthetic and Analgesic Agents\[J\]. Anesthesiology,2005,102:663¡ª671.