Risk factors and mechanisms of lower limb overgrowth after long bone diaphyseal fracture in children

References:

1 Winquist RA HSJ,Clawson DK.Closed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures:A report of five hundred and twenty cases[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,1984:66:529.
2 Herring JA.Tachdjian’s Pediatric Orthopedics 5th edition[M].Philadelphia:W.B.Saunders,2014.
3 Truesdell ED.Inequality of the lower extremities following fracture of the shaft of the femur in children[J].Ann Surg,1921,74(4):498.
4 Mahajan J,Hennrikus W,Piazza B.Overgrowth after femoral shaft fractures in infants treated with a pavlik harness[J].J Pediatr Orthop B,2016,25(1):7-10.DOI:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000225.
5 Reynolds DA.Growth changes in fractured long-bones:A study of 126 children[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,1981,63-B(1):83.
6 Flynn JM,Hresko T,Reynolds RA,et al.Titanium elastic nails for pediatric femur fractures:A multicenter study of early results with analysis of complications[J].J Pediatr Orthop,2001,21(1):4.
7 Clement DA,Colton CL.Overgrowth of the femur after fracture in childhood.An increased effect in boys[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,1986,68(4):534-536.
8 Fakoor M,Mousavi S,Javherizadeh H.Different types of femoral shaft fracture;different types of treatment:Their effects on postoperative lower llimb discrepancy[J].Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny,2011,83(9):477-481.DOI:10.2478/v10035-011-0074-9.
9 Park SS,Noh H,Kam M.Risk factors for overgrowth after flexible intramedullary nailing for fractures of the femoral shaft in children[J].Bone Joint J,2013,95-B(2):254-258.DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.95B2.29491.
10 Greville NR,Ivins JC.Fractures of the femur in children;an analysis of their effect on the subsequent length of both bones of the lower limb[J].American Journal of Surgery,1957,93(3):376.
11 Edvardsen P,Syversen SM.Overgrowth of the femur after fracture of the shaft in childhood[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,1976,58(3):339-342.
12 Kohan L,Cumming WJ.Femoral shaft fractures in children:The effect of initial shortening on subsequent limb overgrowth[J].Anz J Surg,1982,52(2):141-144.
13 Rockwood CA BJ,Kasser JR.Rockwood And Wilkins’ Fractures In Children.7th edition[M].Philadelphia:Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott,Williams &Wilkins,2010.
14 Shapiro F.Fractures of the femoral shaft in children.The overgrowth phenomenon[J].Acta Orthop Scand,1981,52(6):649-655.
15 Dai CQ,Yang J,Guo XS,et al.Risk factors for limb overgrowth after the application of titanium elastic nailing in the treatment of pediatric femoral fracture[J].J Orthop Sci,2015,20(5):844-848.DOI:10.1007/s00776-015-0739-z.
16 Heo J,Oh CW,Park KH,et al.Elastic nailing of tibia shaft fractures in young children up to 10 years of age[J].Injury,2016,47(4):832-836.DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2015.10.024.
17 Mahar A,Sink E,Faro F,et al.Differences in biomechanical stability of femur fracture fixation when using titanium nails of increasing diameter[J].J Child Orthop,2007,1(3):211-215.DOI:10.1007/s11832-007-0040-6.
18 Nascimento FP,Santili C,Akkari M,et al.Flexible intramedullary nails with traction versus plaster cast for treating femoral shaft fractures in children:Comparative retrospective study[J].Sao Paulo Med J,2013,131(1):5-12.DOI:10.1590/s1516-31802013000100002.
19 Pribaz JR,Bernthal NM,Wong TC,et al.Lateral spurring (overgrowth) after pediatric lateral condyle fractures[J].J Pediatr Orthop,2012,32(5):456.DOI:10.1097/BPO.0b013e318259ff63.
20 Shirley E,Anderson M,Neal K,et al.Screw fixation of lateral condyle fractures:Results of treatment[J].J Pediatr Orthop,2014,35(8):821.DOI:10.1097/BPO.0000000000000377.
21 Yabsley RH,Harris WR.The effect of shaft fractures and periosteal stripping on the vascular supply to epiphyseal plates[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,1965,47:551-566.
22 Ollier M.Mode of increasing or assisting the growth of bones[J].Edinburgh Medical Journal,1873,18(12):1132.
23 Halanski MA,Yildirim T,Chaudhary R,et al.Periosteal fiber transection during periosteal procedures is crucial to accelerate growth in the rabbit model[J].Clin Orthop Relat R,2016,474(4):1028-1037.DOI:10.1007/s11999-015-4646-6.
24 Warrell E,Taylor JF.The role of periosteal tension in the growth of long bones[J].J Anat,1979,128(1):179-184.
25 Wilsonmacdonald J,Houghton GR,Bradley J,et al.The relationship between periosteal division and compression or distraction of the growth plate.An experimental study in the rabbit[J].J Bone Joint Surg Br,1990,72(2):303-308.
26 Stokes IA,Aronsson DD,Dimock AN,et al.Endochondral growth in growth plates of three species at two anatomical locations modulated by mechanical compression and tension[J].J Orthop Res,2006,24(6):1327-1334.DOI:10.1002/jor.20189.
27 Limpaphayom N,Prasongchin P.Surgical technique:Lower limb-length equalization by periosteal stripping and periosteal division[J].Clin Orthop Relat R,2011,469(11):3181-3189.DOI:10.1007/s11999-011-2013-9.
28 Bertram JE,Polevoy Y,Cullinane DM.Mechanics of avian fibrous periosteum:Tensile and adhesion properties during growth[J].Bone,1998,22(6):669-675.
29 JD B.Longitudinal overgrowth of long bones with special reference to fractures[J].Surg Gynecol Ohstet,1936,62:823.
30 Melrose J,Shu C,Whitelock JM,et al.The cartilage extracellular matrix as a transient developmental scaffold for growth plate maturation[J].Matrix Biol,2016,52-54:363-383.DOI:10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.008.
31 Zhang YD,Zhao SC,Zhu ZS,et al.Cx43- and smad-mediated tgf-beta/bmp signaling pathway promotes cartilage differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and inhibits osteoblast differentiation[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2017,42(4):1277-1293.DOI:10.1159/000478957.
32 Lefebvre V,Dvir-Ginzberg M.Sox9 and the many facets of its regulation in the chondrocyte lineage[J].Connect Tissue Res,2017,58(1):2-14.DOI:10.1080/03008207.2016.1183667.
33 Li Y,Zheng M,Lau YF.The sex-determining factors sry and sox9 regulate similar target genes and promote testis cord formation during testicular differentiation[J].Cell Rep,2014,8(3):723-733.DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.055.
34 Komori T.Runx2,an inducer of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation[J].Histochem Cell Biol,2018,149(4):313-323.DOI:10.1007/s00418-018-1640-6.
35 Powers CJ,McLeskey SW,Wellstein A.Fibroblast growth factors,their receptors and signaling[J].Endocr-Relat Cancer,2000,7(3):165-197.
36 Dailey L,Ambrosetti D,Mansukhani A,et al.Mechanisms underlying differential responses to fgf signaling[J].Cytokine Growth F R,2005,16(2):233-247.DOI:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.01.007.
37 Retting KN,Song B,Yoon BS,et al.Bmp canonical smad signaling through smad1 and smad5 is required for endochondral bone formation[J].Development,2009,136(7):1093-1104.DOI:10.1242/dev.029926.
38 Ashraf N,Meyer MH,Frick S,et al.Evidence for overgrowth after midfemoral fracture via increased rna for mitosis[J].Clin Orthop Relat R,2007,454:214-222.DOI:10.1097/01.blo.0000238783.21478.5d.
39 El Amri M,Fitzgerald U,Schlosser G.Marcks and marcks-like proteins in development and regeneration[J].J Biomed Sci,2018,25(1):43.DOI:10.1186/s12929-018-0445-1.
40 Fischerauer EE,Manninger M,Seles M,et al.Bmp-6 and bmpr-1a are up-regulated in the growth plate of the fractured tibia[J].J Orthop Res,2013,31(3):357-363.DOI:10.1002/jor.22238.
41 Qi H,Jin M,Duan Y,et al.Fgfr3 induces degradation of bmp type i receptor to regulate skeletal development[J].BBA-Biomembranes,2014,1843(7):1237-1247.DOI:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.011.