临床小儿外科杂志  2026, Vol. 25 Issue (9): 801-805  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202501062

引用本文  

赵鼎, 朱光辉. 儿童先天性胫骨假关节治疗的现状与思考[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2026, 25(9): 801-805.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202501062
Zhao D, Zhu GH. Current status and practical considerations in the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in children[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2026, 25(9): 801-805.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202501062

基金项目

儿童骨科学湖南省重点实验室专项经费(2023TP1019);国家重点研发计划-骨科难治性疾病诊疗新模式建立、评价及推广应用(2023YFC2507605)

通信作者

朱光辉, Email: zgh5650@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2025-01-22
儿童先天性胫骨假关节治疗的现状与思考
赵鼎 , 朱光辉     
南华大学儿科学院 中南大学湘雅医学院附属儿童医院 湖南省儿童医院骨科 儿童骨科学湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410007
摘要:先天性胫骨假关节(congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, CPT)是儿童骨科最具挑战性的罕见病之一,以胫骨节段性发育异常、骨形成障碍及假关节形成为特征,常合并成角畸形、病理性骨折及下肢不等长。目前手术仍是主要治疗手段,但总体预后仍不令人满意,尤其是再骨折率和远期并发症居高不下。近年来,双膦酸盐、骨形态发生蛋白等生物辅助治疗以及交叉融合技术、Masquelet技术等创新术式的应用,为改善预后提供了新的可能,但诸多方案的有效性和适用范围仍存争议。本文围绕CPT治疗中病因机制认识、关键手术策略选择、并发症防治及综合管理等热点问题进行评述,以期为临床决策和未来研究提供思路。
关键词:先天性胫骨假关节    手术治疗    药物治疗    
Current status and practical considerations in the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in children
Zhao Ding , Zhu Guanghui     
School of Pediatrics, South China University, Department of Osteology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Bone Science, Hunan Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha 410007, China
Abstract: As one of the most challenging rare diseases in pediatric orthopedics, congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is characterized by segmental tibial dysplasia, a failure of normal bone formation and pseudarthrosis.It is frequently accompanied by angulation deformity, pathological fracture and lower limb length discrepancy.Surgery remains a primary treatment modality.However, its overall prognosis is still disappointing, with high refracture rates and long term complications.In recent years, biological adjuvants such as bisphosphonates and bone morphogenetic proteins, along with innovative cross union strategies and the Masquelet technique, have provided new possibilities for improving clinical outcomes.However, the efficacy and indications of these approaches remain controversial.This review focused on hot topics in CPT management, including understanding of pathogenesis, surgical approach selection, complication management and comprehensive care, aiming to provide insights for clinical decision making and future research.
Key words: Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia    Surgical Treatment    Drug Therapy    

在儿童骨科中,先天性胫骨假关节(congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, CPT)是最难治疗的疾病之一,主要病理特征是在假关节周围形成病变骨膜组织和纤维瘤样病变组织,导致了骨生成能力的降低和骨吸收程度的增加,其特点是先天性胫骨骨形成障碍,伴有前弓和错构瘤组织。患儿可表现为胫骨前外侧弯曲、病理性骨折、假关节形成,以及可能伴随的膝关节、踝关节畸形和双下肢不等长等并发症[1]。CPT治疗方法包括药物、手术及其它治疗,本文将对其进展进行述评。

一、药物治疗 (一) 双膦酸盐(bisphosphonates,BPs)和/或骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein, BMP)

双膦酸盐可改善骨质状况,减少骨吸收。有学者建议术前数周输注唑来膦酸(zoledronic acid,ZA)以抑制破骨细胞活性,促进骨愈合、矫正畸形、防止再骨折[2]。BMP能促进骨形成和骨缺损修复。计算机模拟试验发现BMP可减轻CPT严重程度,但效果个体差异大[3]。此外,BMP-7联合ZA治疗的病例平均愈合时间5.5个月,提示BPs可能通过抑制骨流失保护BMP诱导的骨形成[4]。动物实验中ZA联合重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2, rhBMP-2)使不愈合率降低50%[5]。安全性方面,rhBMP-2相关并发症(血肿、骨筋膜室综合征、深部感染)在儿科中总体较少[6]。综上,BPs和BMPs可单独或与手术联合使用,但最佳给药时机、剂量及联合方案尚缺共识,需进一步规范。

(二) 骨髓抽吸浓缩物(bone marrow aspirate concentrate, BMAC)及其它

BMAC是一种富含间充质干细胞、生长因子和多种细胞因子的生物制剂,常用于骨缺损修复、骨折不愈合、复杂型CPT的治疗及作为手术的辅助治疗。一项研究关注了骨髓抽吸物对CPT愈合的影响,在2年的随访中,骨髓浓缩液使患者的愈合速度加快了1.7个月,与仅接受外固定治疗的CPT患者相比,接受外固定和骨髓抽吸浓缩物治疗的CPT患者的愈合时间有统计学意义的改善,但更长时间的随访有助于确定骨髓浓缩物作为辅助疗法的效果能否长期保持[7]。此外,Prss56-Nf1基因敲除小鼠研究中联合MEK-SHP2抑制可阻止纤维性骨不连,为CPT药物治疗提供了新策略[8]。随着这些新技术的诞生及机制研究的深入, 有望为先天性胫骨假关节的治疗提供更多的选择。

二、手术治疗 (一) 引导生长

胫骨引导性生长技术主要用于治疗伴有复杂骨折或骨骼畸形的CPT患者,主流术式包括8字钢板半骨骺阻滞术、U型钉半骨骺阻滞术、经骺板空心螺钉阻滞术等[9]。有研究首次报道了一名神经纤维瘤病(neurofibromatosis, NF)患儿成功使用引导生长法预防胫骨假关节的病例,在4年的随访中,引导生长成功矫正了畸形,并防止了胫骨假关节的发生[10]。新型U型钉半骨骺阻滞术治疗NF1合并胫骨前外侧成角畸形(anterolateral bowing of the tibia, ALTB) 患儿矫正效果满意,但可能出现U型钉移位。总之,引导生长可以作为一种额外的手术选择来改善ALTB,并通过恢复正常的机械对位来降低骨折和假关节的风险[11],但其远期疗效仍需更多研究证实。

(二) 髓内固定和/或骨移植术

髓内固定主要用于维持肢体长度和稳定性,克氏针髓内固定治疗1岁以内Crawford Ⅳ型CPT可恢复胫骨机械轴线、防止断端萎缩,为二期联合手术创造条件,但存在退针、断针风险。目前单纯髓内固定已较少应用,多与其他方法联合使用。

骨移植术包括带血管腓骨移植、自体髂骨移植、骨膜移植等,目的在于提供骨诱导、促进愈合。腓骨移植适合长骨重建[12],但术后存在功能恶化、肢体不等长、再骨折等问题[13]。自体髂骨移植联合Ilizarov固定假关节愈合率约92.2%,其BMP和糖蛋白诱导成骨活性,封闭植骨有助于骨愈合[14]。血管化胫骨骨膜移植短期效果优于既往技术,但长期随访数据不足,暂不推荐为标准方案[15]。总之,骨移植术无论移植的内容物如何,其目的都是为了促进假关节区域的骨性连接,恢复胫骨的连续性和结构完整性,改善胫骨的机械轴和功能,从而提高患者的生活质量。

(三) 外固定治疗/Ilizarov技术

Ilizarov外固定架可均衡下肢长度、维持轴线和旋转控制。萎缩型CPT经Ilizarov治疗后成年足踝功能满意[16],个案报道亦证实其有效性[17]。单纯外固定治疗僵硬肥厚性假关节愈合率100%、再骨折率仅4%[18]。但多中心研究显示单纯伊氏架初期愈合率显著低于联合手术,常需再次手术[19]。Ilizarov是安全有效的选择,但不推荐单独使用,且存在感染、活动受限、引起疼痛和不适等缺点,对护理要求较高。

(四) 交叉融合技术/组合技术

交叉联合技术是CPT治疗的研究热点,这种方法旨在利用各种技术的优势,以提高治疗成功率和改善患者的预后,常见的组合方式包括:三合一骨融合术、四合一骨融合术、Paley交叉融合术等。

(1) 三合一骨融合术

三合一骨融合术旨在将胫骨假关节与腓骨融合,增大假关节愈合处的横断面积,主要适用于腓骨完整的胫骨假关节,尤其是胫骨假关节远近端萎缩型的患儿。有研究采用此法,患儿均一期愈合、随访无再骨折[20]。联合手术同时行三合一骨融合术治疗腓骨完整型CPT初期愈合率达100%[21],但可能导致足部活动度丧失、转移性疼痛等并发症。

(2) 四合一骨融合术

四合一骨融合术主要用于胫骨假关节合并同平面腓骨假关节的复杂病例(CrawfordⅣ型),手术中将假关节周围胫骨、腓骨各自两个断端聚合成一个整体,能够大大增强假关节处的有效面积,从而增强胫腓骨的承重能力。伴B2型腓骨假关节的萎缩型CPT中,四合一组无一再骨折,对照组仅1例未再骨折[22]。联合髓内固定、Ilizarov架和植骨的四合一术式早期愈合良好,但也存在胫骨不等长、胫骨近端外翻畸形、踝外翻和钻入髓内钉阻碍踝关节活动等并发症。

(3) Paley交叉骨融合术

Paley交叉骨融合术的适应症为胫骨假关节合并腓骨假关节或病变范围较大、骨质萎缩明显的复杂型CPT。它的简要步骤如下:术前2周静脉滴注ZA 0.02 mg/kg,术中切除假关节,然后可延长髓内钉和锁定钢板固定胫骨,腓骨克氏针固定,最后自体髂骨植骨联合rhBMP-2填充。7年随访再骨折率极低、并发症少[23]。难治性CPT经该术式治疗后假关节全部愈合[24]。Paley交叉骨融合术能有效避免不愈合和再骨折,减少踝外翻,但技术要求高[25]。

(4) 联合手术

联合手术适用于各种类型的复杂CPT及合并肢体不等长、踝关节外翻、胫骨近端发育不良等并发症的情况,最常见的是植骨-髓内棒-外固定架联合手术。在髓内棒-外固定架的联合手术中,Ilizarov法结合髓内固定可促进骨性结合、预防再骨折[26]。此外,在植骨-外固定架的联合手术中,带血管蒂腓骨髓内移植联合Ilizarov牵引能避免截骨、缩短外固定时间,但易发生轴向偏离和再骨折[27]。植骨- 髓内棒- 外固定联合手术初期愈合率较高,但长期随访中会出现胫骨不等长(81.8%)、再骨折发生率相对较高(45.4%)、踝关节外翻(40.9%)、胫骨近端外翻(20.4%)及高足弓(25%)等并发症,需多次手术[28],与带血管的腓骨移植手术相比,联合手术技术操作简单,手术医师的学习时间更短。

除了以上比较常见的交叉联合手术方式的报道外,双钛弹性钉(Titanium Elastic Nails,TENs)技术结合植骨和Ilizarov固定具有骨愈合早、骨骺损伤小等优点[29]。总之,交叉联合技术在CPT治疗中被广泛的运用,其组合方式有很多种,需根据患者具体情况个体化选择。

(五) Masquelet技术

Masquelet技术常用于存在大段骨缺损的CPT,该技术分2个阶段。第一阶段为根治性切除病灶和骨水泥填充骨缺损区,使用接骨板或钉固定实现稳定;第二阶段(第6~8周)移除骨水泥,保留骨水泥周围诱导膜,诱导膜内植骨并缝合。该技术在NF1缺失型CPT中效果因机械稳定性差异等因素影响而不一[30]。对多次手术失败者效果满意、并发症发生率低[31]。国内有报道认为其简便有效,适合难治性CPT[32]。总之,Masquelet技术是一种简单的两阶段手术,避免了从健侧腿移植带血管腓骨和外固定的并发症。在早期治疗CPT时,应考虑采用该方法以达到并维持骨折愈合[33],但存在感染、手术水泥的限制、术后疼痛以及需要二次手术等局限。

(六) 截肢

有研究指出胫骨假关节截肢的适应症是3次手术骨愈合失败、显著下肢不等长、假关节远端生长干扰、长期疼痛影响生活质量。有研究者建议采用保留软骨的Symes截肢技术,在踝关节处进行远端截肢[34]。截肢术后超90%可获假关节融合,但约76%需二次手术,早期截肢配合假肢有可能实现高水平功能[35]。截肢手术由于涉及永久性的肢体丧失,在临床中往往作为医生最后的选择,在多次反复治疗失败后均未能实现稳定的骨愈合,或者当胫骨畸形严重到无法通过其他手术方法矫正时,患者和家庭可能基于生活质量的考虑,通常作为最后选择。

三、其他治疗

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell, MSC)治疗CPT的适应症主要包括骨缺损修复、炎症控制、促进骨愈合和改善关节功能等,该方法的原理主要基于其多向分化潜能、抗炎和免疫调节能力,以及促进骨再生和修复的特性。CPT患者骨折部位与髂嵴来源MSC在增殖、分化潜能上无显著差异,提示MSC特性改变不是骨再生延迟主因[36]。脐带MSC联合条件培养基植入治疗的6例CPT病例中83%获原发性愈合[37],但样本量小需进一步验证。MSC是具有前景的治疗方法,但制备和质量控制体系尚需完善。

四、总结与展望

CPT治疗的基本目标是在骨骼成熟时以尽可能少的手术获得愈合、功能性、力线正常的肢体。成功结局应包含生活质量评分,而非仅影像学愈合。目前CPT治疗面临三大挑战:一是缺乏标准化分型指导的个体化方案,Crawford分型对手术策略指导有限;二是再骨折和肢体不等长等远期并发症防治薄弱;三是药物与生物治疗循证规范缺乏,多数证据来自小样本或动物实验。

近年国内尚无CPT治疗方法全面综合的最新报道,本文旨在弥补这一空白。未来应构建多中心前瞻性注册研究,建立分子分型和影像组学决策模型,探索靶向NF1信号通路药物,以患者报告结局和生活质量为疗效终点,推动CPT治疗水平提升。

利益冲突  所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

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