临床小儿外科杂志  2026, Vol. 25 Issue (3): 232-237  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202510011

引用本文  

郑伟军, 朱岚欣, 陈飞, 等. 产前识别的胆总管囊肿临床症状危险因素分析与手术时机探讨[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2026, 25(3): 232-237.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202510011
Zheng WJ, Zhu LX, Chen F, et al. Analysis of risk factors for clinical symptoms and exploration of surgical timing in prenatally identified congenital choledochal cysts[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2026, 25(3): 232-237.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202510011

基金项目

福建省医疗"创双高"(ETK2025009)

通信作者

方一凡, Email: fyf0599@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2025-10-10
产前识别的胆总管囊肿临床症状危险因素分析与手术时机探讨
郑伟军 , 朱岚欣 , 陈飞 , 刘明坤 , 吴典明 , 方一凡     
福建省儿童医院 上海儿童医学中心福建医院新生儿普外科, 福州 350000
摘要目的 分析产前识别的先天性胆总管囊肿(congenital choledochal cyst, CDC)患儿出现临床症状的危险因素, 并探讨其手术时机。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2025年5月于福建省儿童医院接受手术治疗的病例资料, 纳入标准为产前彩超提示CDC、术后病理确诊且手术年龄<12个月, 排除分期手术及合并其他严重结构畸形的病例, 最终纳入44例患儿。根据术前是否出现临床症状(呕吐、黄疸、排陶土样便等)分为症状组(15例)和非症状组(29例), 比较两组临床资料及术后结局; 非症状组进一步按手术时机分为早期手术组(≤3个月, 19例)和晚期手术组(>3个月, 10例), 分析两组术前肝功能及术后结局差异。采用受试者操作特征曲线评估囊肿大小对临床症状的预测价值。结果 单因素分析显示, 症状组诊断胎龄[22(20, 26)周]早于非症状组[24(24, 32)周](P=0.016), Todani Ⅳ型囊肿占比(4/15)高于非症状组(1/29)(P=0.039), 术前γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、直接胆红素水平及囊肿最大长径[57(42, 77)mm比34(29, 42)mm]、最大宽径[48(23, 54)mm比22(18, 34)mm]均显著大于非症状组(P<0.05)。症状组术后住院时间[11(10, 18)d]长于非症状组[8(7, 9.5)d](P=0.003), 但两组手术时间、术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。非症状组中, 早期手术组与晚期手术组的术前肝功能指标、手术时间、术后住院时间及并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。动态监测显示, 两组囊肿大小均呈增长趋势, 且症状组囊肿长径、宽径增长速度均快于非症状组。术前囊肿长径预测临床症状的曲线下面积为0.789, 最佳截断值44 mm, 灵敏度73%, 特异度79%;囊肿宽径曲线下面积为0.783, 最佳截断值36 mm, 灵敏度73%, 特异度81%。结论 产前诊断胎龄早、Todani Ⅳ型囊肿是CDC患儿生后出现临床症状的危险因素; 囊肿动态增长速度及大小阈值(长径>44 mm、宽径>36 mm)可作为临床症状的预测指标, 建议据此采取个体化评估策略, 对符合指征者尽早手术干预。
关键词胆总管囊肿    产前诊断    危险因素    外科手术    儿童    
Analysis of risk factors for clinical symptoms and exploration of surgical timing in prenatally identified congenital choledochal cysts
Zheng Weijun , Zhu Lanxin , Chen Fei , Liu Mingkun , Wu Dianming , Fang Yifan     
Department of General Neonatal Surgery, Fujian Children's Hospital (Shanghai Children's Medical Center Fujian Hospital), Fuzhou 350000, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the risk factors for clinical symptoms in prenatally identified congenital choledochal cysts (CDC) and determine the optimal timing of surgical intervention. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the relevant clinical data of 44 CDC children operated from January 2018 to May 2025. Inclusion criteria: a) Prenatal ultrasonic hint of CDC; b) Confirmation by intraoperative cholangiography and postoperative pathology; c) Surgical age < 12 months. Exclusion criteria: a) Staged surgery; b) Complicated with other severe structural malformations. Based upon the presence of preoperative clinical symptoms (vomiting, jaundice, clay-colored stools, etc.), they were assigned into two groups of symptomatic (n=15) and asymptomatic (n=29). The asymptomatic group was further subdivided into two sub-groups of early surgery (surgical age ≤3 months, n=19) and late surgery (surgical age > 3 months, n=10). Clinical data and postoperative outcomes were compared between two groups. Preoperative liver function and postoperative outcomes were analyzed between early and late surgery subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized for evaluating the predictive value of cyst size for clinical symptoms. Results Univariate analysis revealed that diagnostic gestational age was earlier in symptomatic group than that in asymptomatic group[22(20, 26) vs. 24(24, 32) weeks](P=0.016). The proportion of Todani type Ⅳ cysts was higher in symptomatic group than that in asymptomatic group (4/15 vs. 1/29) (P=0.039). Preoperative levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and direct bilirubin (DBIL), as well as maximum cyst length[57(42, 77) vs. 34(29, 42) mm]and width[48(23, 54) vs. 22(18, 34) mm]in symptomatic group were significantly higher/larger than those in asymptomatic group (P < 0.01 or P=0.002). Postoperative hospital stay was longer in symptomatic group than that in asymptomatic group[11(10, 18) vs. 8(7, 9.5) day](P=0.003). However, no significant inter-group difference existed in operative duration or postoperative complication rate (P>0.05). Among asymptomatic children, no significant differences existed in preoperative liver function indices, operative duration, postoperative hospital stay or complication rates between early and late surgery groups (P>0.05). Dynamic monitoring revealed that cyst size spiked in both groups. And growth rates of cyst length and width were faster in symptomatic group than those in asymptomatic group. ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of preoperative cyst length for predicting clinical symptoms was 0.789 with an optimal cut-off value of 44 mm (sensitivity 73%, specificity 79%). And AUROC of preoperative cyst width was 0.783 with an optimal cut-off value of 36mm (sensitivity 73%, specificity 81%). Conclusions Early prenatal diagnostic gestational age and Todani type IV cysts are risk factors for postnatal clinical symptoms in CDC children. Dynamic growth rate of cysts and size thresholds (length > 44 mm, width > 36 mm) may be employed as predictive indicators for clinical symptoms. Individualized evaluation strategy based upon these factors is recommended. Early surgical intervention should be considered for eligible individuals.
Key words: Choledochal Cyst    Prenatal Diagnosis    Risk Factors    Surgical Procedures, Operative    Child    

胆总管囊肿(choledochal cyst, CDC)又称先天性胆道扩张症,以胆总管部分或全部扩张为特征,可伴肝内胆管扩张,在亚洲人群中高发,发病率约1/13 000,且女性多于男性[1-2]。随着产前检查技术的发展,越来越多的CDC在胎儿期即被确诊[3]。由于产前识别的CDC患儿存在早发性肝纤维化风险,需及时进行临床评估与手术干预[4]。目前,产前识别CDC的手术决策仍存在争议。传统的“症状驱动”手术模式存在局限性,因临床症状的出现往往提示已发生一定程度的肝损害[4]。国内外关于CDC临床症状早期预警机制的研究尚显不足,本研究旨在明确产前识别CDC患儿出现临床症状的危险因素,为临床手术时机的选择提供客观参考依据。

资料与方法 一、一般资料

本研究为回顾性研究,纳入2018年1月至2025年5月于福建省儿童医院接受手术治疗的CDC患儿。初始筛查产前识别的CDC患儿47例,排除分期手术1例、合并神经母细胞瘤1例、合并巨结肠类源病1例,最终纳入44例。患儿均行胆总管囊肿切除+肝总管空肠吻合术,随访3个月至6年。本研究经福建省儿童医院伦理委员会批准(2025ETKLRK10020),因回顾性研究豁免知情同意。

二、研究设计与观察指标

根据术前是否出现呕吐、黄疸等临床症状,将44例患儿分为症状组(n=15)和非症状组(n=29);非症状组再根据手术年龄分为早期手术组(≤3个月,n=19)和晚期手术组(>3个月,n=10)。

观察指标:①基线资料(性别、诊断胎龄、手术年龄、手术时体重);②囊肿相关指标(Todani分型、术前囊肿最大长径/宽径、囊肿动态增长情况),其中囊肿的最大长径定义为囊肿最长的轴向距离,最大宽径定义为垂直于长度轴的最长距离;③术前肝功能指标(丙氨酸氨基转移酶ALT、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶AST、GGT、DBIL);④手术及术后相关指标(手术时间、术后住院时间、术后肝活检病理分级(采用Batts-Ludwig分级系统[5])、术后并发症(吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、胆管炎、肠梗阻等)。

三、统计学处理

采用SPSS 23.0进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以M(Q1, Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以频数(例)描述,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。采用Pearson相关性分析探讨囊肿大小与DBIL的关系,通过ROC曲线评估囊肿大小对临床症状的预测价值。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

结果

两组患儿在性别、手术年龄、手术时体重、ALT值、AST值、手术时间、术后并发症比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿诊断胎龄、Todani Ⅳ型囊肿比率、手术前囊肿最大长径和宽径、GGT值、DBIL值、术后住院时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 1

表 1 两组胆总管囊肿患儿基线资料与手术并发症比较 Table 1 Comparison of baseline profiles and surgical complications between two groups of children with choledochal cysts

非症状组病例中,早期手术组(≤3个月)与晚期手术组(>3个月)比较,在囊肿大小、术前肝功能指标、肝纤维化程度、手术时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率均无明显差异(P>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 非症状组患儿不同手术时机的基线资料与手术并发症比较 Table 2 Comparison of baseline profiles and surgical complications in non-symptomatic group at different surgical timings

相关性分析显示,症状组和非症状组患儿术前囊肿最大长径与DBIL值呈正相关(r=0.364,P=0.015),术前囊肿最大宽径与DBIL值亦呈正相关(r=0.327,P=0.030)。见图 1


图 1 症状组与非症状组患儿术前囊肿大小与DBIL相关性分析 Fig.1 Correlation analysis between preoperative cyst size and DBIL in symptomatic and asymptomatic groups    A:囊肿最大长径;B:囊肿最大宽径

动态监测两组的囊肿最大长径从产前首次彩超[22(14, 27)比17(13, 25)]、生后首次彩超[34(31, 41)比28(23, 33)]至术前彩超[57(42, 77)比34(29, 42)],囊肿最大宽径从产前首次彩超[12(9, 14)比11(6, 15)]、生后首次彩超[24(19, 34)比20(14, 24)]至术前彩超[48(23, 54)比22(18, 34)],囊肿长径、宽径均呈逐渐增长趋势,且症状组的囊肿长径、宽径增长速度均快于非症状组。见图 2


图 2 症状组与非症状组患儿囊肿长径和宽径增长趋势。 Fig.2 Growth trends of cyst length and width in symptomatic and asymptomatic groups    A:囊肿长径;B:囊肿宽径;FPU:首次发现产前彩超;IPU:生后首次彩超;POU:术前彩超

ROC曲线分析显示,术前囊肿最大长径预测临床症状的曲线下面积为0.789(95%CI:0.637~0.940),最佳截断值为44 mm,灵敏度73%,特异度79%;术前囊肿最大宽径的曲线下面积为0.783(95%CI:0.639~0.926),最佳截断值为36 mm,灵敏度73%,特异度81%(图 3)。


图 3 术前囊肿最大长径与宽径预测临床症状的ROC曲线图。 Fig.3 ROC analysis results of preoperative maximum length and width of cysts in predicting clinical symptoms    A:囊肿长径;B:囊肿宽径
讨论

手术切除是CDC唯一根治手段[6]。若延误治疗,可能引发胆管炎、囊肿穿孔、胆汁淤积性肝硬化等严重并发症,因此,早期识别临床症状危险因素并及时干预,对减轻肝纤维化、改善患儿预后至关重要[7]。成人及大龄儿童CDC的典型症状为腹痛、腹部包块、黄疸,但约1/3患者长期无明显症状[8];而产前识别的CDC患儿以梗阻性黄疸为主要表现,本研究中症状组患儿胆红素水平显著高于非症状组,这与胆道梗阻导致的胆汁淤积密切相关,胆汁淤积是CDC肝纤维化的核心病理过程,提示产前识别的CDC患儿生后可能存在持续肝损伤风险[4]。由于CDC患儿生后症状出现时间存在个体差异,部分患儿生后即刻发病,部分则延迟至数月后,给临床手术决策带来挑战[9-10]

目前,无症状CDC患儿的手术时机尚存争议:日本指南推荐3~6月龄手术国内指南建议3个月内行根治术,既往部分研究因顾虑新生儿期麻醉及手术风险,主张推迟至3~6月龄手术[7, 10-12]。但随着腹腔镜与麻醉技术的进步,新生儿期手术并未增加术后并发症[13-14]。本研究中,非症状组早期手术与晚期手术的短期结局(手术时间、住院时间、并发症发生率)无显著差异,且晚期手术组未观察到肝损害加重,但早期手术的长期获益仍需更长时间随访验证。需注意的是,部分无症状患儿在等待手术期间可能出现临床症状,因此明确症状相关危险因素尤为重要[15]。本研究发现,症状组产前诊断胎龄早于非症状组,与杨丹[16]的研究结论一致,推测可能与胆汁淤积程度及囊肿发育时间相关。症状组中Todani Ⅳ型囊肿占比更高,由于Ⅳ型CDC存在肝内外胆管多发扩张,常合并肝内胆管狭窄及胰胆管合流异常,更易引发梗阻性黄疸[17]。GGT作为胆管上皮细胞特异性酶,与胆道梗阻密切相关,是CDC临床症状的重要预测指标[15],李思源等[18]曾报道GGT≥150.85 IU/L是CDC穿孔的独立危险因素,联合囊肿体积增长速率可提升预测效能。

囊肿大小是预测CDC症状的关键指标,但不同研究的阈值存在差异:Pan等[19]发现症状组囊肿平均大小(44.33 mm) 显著大于无症状组(30.34 mm);Cochran等[20]提出生后首次超声囊肿≥4.5 cm对1个月内症状的预测价值最高(曲线下面积0.744);另有研究认为生后囊肿直径>30 mm是梗阻性黄疸的预测因子[9]。本研究通过ROC曲线分析确定囊肿长径>44 mm、宽径>36 mm为临床症状的预测阈值,与上述研究存在差异,可能与样本特征、检测时机等因素相关。此外,本研究发现囊肿大小与DBIL虽呈正相关,但相关性较弱,提示胆道梗阻不仅与囊肿扩张程度有关,还可能受蛋白栓、胰胆管合流异常等其他病理因素影响,单一时间点的囊肿大小预测存在局限性[21]。动态监测显示,症状组囊肿增长速度快于非症状组,提示囊肿快速增大可能反映胆管内压力升高、胆汁排出受阻,更易出现梗阻相关症状。李思源等[18]也发现囊肿体积每周增长≥1.00 cm3是穿孔的独立危险因素,因此,“动态监测- 阈值量化”的个体化方案可能更适用于CDC临床症状的预测。

综上,产前识别的CDC患儿建议在无症状期接受手术治疗;产前诊断胎龄早、Todani Ⅳ型囊肿是生后出现临床症状的危险因素;囊肿快速增长及大小阈值(长径>44 mm、宽径>36 mm)可作为手术时机选择的重要参考。本研究存在一定局限性:①为单中心回顾性研究,样本量相对有限;②随访时间较短,对手术时机的长期影响(如远期胆管并发症、生长发育、麻醉对神经发育的潜在影响)尚未明确。未来需开展多中心、大样本量前瞻性研究,进一步验证研究结论。

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作者贡献声明   郑伟军、朱岚欣、刘明坤、陈飞负责文献检索,郑伟军、吴典明、刘明坤负责论文调查设计,郑伟军、朱岚欣负责故据收集与分析,郑伟军、方一凡、刘明坤负责论文结果撰写,郑伟军、方一凡、吴典明负责论文讨论分析,并对文章知识性内容进行审阅

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