临床小儿外科杂志  2024, Vol. 23 Issue (12): 1174-1179  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202310042-012

引用本文  

梁明超, 肖婷, 李海霞, 等. 耳穴疗法在小儿骨科截骨手术后多模式镇痛中的应用研究[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2024, 23(12): 1174-1179.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202310042-012
Liang MC, Xiao T, Li HX, et al. Application of auricular acupoint therapy after multimodal postoperative analgesia for lower extremity osteotomy in children[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2024, 23(12): 1174-1179.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202310042-012

基金项目

湖南省科技厅临床技术创新引导计划项目(2021SK50508)

通信作者

屈双权, Email: shuangquanqu@126.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-10-24
耳穴疗法在小儿骨科截骨手术后多模式镇痛中的应用研究
梁明超 , 肖婷 , 李海霞 , 杜真 , 汤可香 , 屈双权     
中南大学湘雅医学院附属儿童医院(湖南省儿童医院)麻醉手术科, 长沙 410007
摘要目的 本研究旨在评估耳穴疗法联合舒芬太尼在小儿下肢截骨矫形手术后多模式镇痛中的应用效果, 为耳穴疗法在小儿术后镇痛中的应用提供临床证据。方法 本研究为前瞻性随机对照研究。以2022年6月至2022年12月在湖南省儿童医院行下肢截骨矫形手术的学龄期患儿为研究对象, 年龄6~12岁, 美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。根据随机数字表法将患儿分为耳穴治疗治疗组(E组)和对照组(C组), 每组各50例。两组均于手术结束后予常规舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛治疗; E组于手术结束前行双耳耳穴压豆, 术后按压耳穴(每日按压3次, 每个穴位每次按压20~30下); C组手术结束前用耳穴胶布分别贴敷双耳耳穴, 但不压豆、不按压耳穴。记录两组术后2 h(T0)、6 h(T1)、12 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、48 h(T4)的东大略儿童医院疼痛评分(Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale, CHEOPS)、术后48 h自控镇痛(patient control analgesia, PCA)按压次数以及布洛芬补救镇痛情况; 于手术结束前10 min、术后48 h采集静脉血, 检测血清C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和β-内啡肽(beta-endorphin, β-EP)浓度; 观察患儿术后呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒发生情况。结果 共97例(E组48例、C组49例)患儿完成本研究。两组患儿年龄、性别等一般资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿静息及运动CHEOPS疼痛评分在T0时间点分别为(3.48±0.77)分、(3.63±0.79)分和(3.69±0.77)、(3.82±0.78)分; T1时间点分别为(3.58±0.77)分、(4.27±0.82)分和(3.73±0.64)分、(4.16±0.77)分; T2时间点分别为(4.25±0.79)分、(4.44±0.77)分和(6.35±1.03)分、(6.43±1.04)分; T3时间点分别为(4.38±0.84)分、(4.58±0.90)分和(5.84±0.77)分、(4.58±0.90)分; T4时间点分别为(5.19±0.70)分、(5.58±0.65)分和(5.63±1.03)分、(5.84±0.96)分; 其中T2和T3时间点的静息及运动时疼痛评分差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05), 其余时间点疼痛评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。E组PCA有效按压次数为18(12, 29)次, C组为30(15, 38)次; E组布洛芬镇痛补救率为19%(9/48), C组为57%(28/49);术后48 h E组CRP为(44.04±1.87)mg/L, C组为(67.04±5.91)mg/L; E组β-EP为(48.70±13.52)pg/mL, C组为(34.95±2.86)pg/mL; E组术后恶心呕吐发生率为4%(2/48), C组为20%(10/49);术后镇痛效果的家属满意度评分; E组为8(8, 9)分, C组为5(5, 6)分; 上述结果差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后均无一例呼吸抑制、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发生。结论 耳穴疗法能够缓解小儿下肢截骨矫形手术后疼痛, 减少镇痛药物的使用以及术后恶心呕吐的发生, 应用于小儿围手术期镇痛安全有效。
关键词耳穴疗法    镇痛    疼痛管理    截骨术    下肢    儿童    
Application of auricular acupoint therapy after multimodal postoperative analgesia for lower extremity osteotomy in children
Liang Mingchao , Xiao Ting , Li Haixia , Du Zhen , Tang Kexiang , Qu Shuangquan     
Department of Anesthesia & Surgery, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University(Hunan Children's Hospital), Changsha 410007, China
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the efficacy of auricular acupressure plus sufentanil after multimodal postoperative analgesia for lower extremity osteotomy in children and provide clinical evidence for its application in postoperative pain management. Methods For this prospective randomized controlled study, 100 children aged 6-12 years with ASA physical status grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ undergoing elective lower extremity osteotomy were selected.They were randomized into two groups of auricular point (E group) and control (C group)(n=50 each).Both groups received conventional sufentanil intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) after surgery.In E group, auricular bean pressing before the end of operation and pressed auricle after operation were performed.In C group, auricular taping of both ears before the end of operation and there was no pressing of bean or auricle.Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) scores at 2 h (T0), 6 h (T1), 12 h (T2), 24 h (T3) and 48 h (T4) post-operation were recorded in both groups.Number of PCA presses and use of ibuprofen for remedial analgesia were recorded at 48h post-operation.Venous blood was collected at the time of skin suture and 48h post-operation for detecting the serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and beta-endorphin (β-EP).The postoperative occurrences of respiratory depression, nausea & vomiting and skin pruritus were observed. Results A total of 97 children (E group 48, C group 49) successfully completed this study.No significant inter-group difference existed in general profiles.The resting and movement CHEOPS pain scores for two groups at T0 were (3.48±0.77), (3.63±0.79) and (3.69±0.77), (3.82±0.78) points; At T1, (3.58±0.77), (4.27±0.82) and (3.73±0.64), (4.16±0.77) points; At T2, (4.25±0.79), (4.44±0.77) and (6.35±1.03), (6.43±1.04) points.At T3, (4.38±0.84), (4.58±0.90) and (5.84±0.77), (4.58±0.90) points; At T4, (5.19±0.70), (5.58±0.65) and (5.63±1.03), (5.84±0.96) points.Statistically significant inter-group differences existed in resting and movement pain scores at T2 and T3 while there were no statistically significant differences at other timepoints.The effective number of PCA presses was 18(12, 29) times in E group while 30(15, 38) times in C group.Ibuprofen analgesic rescue rate was 19%(9/48) in E group versus 57%(28/49) in C group.CRP level 48h was (44.04±1.87) mg/L in E group versus (67.04±5.91) mg/L in C group.β-EP level was (48.70±13.52) pg/mL in E group versus (34.95±2.86) pg/mL in C group.The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was 4%(2/48) in E group versus 20%(10/49) in C group.Postoperative analgesia family satisfaction score was 8(8, 9) points in E group versus 5(5, 6) points in C group.All of the above results showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05).There was no postoperative onset of respiratory depression or skin pruritus. Conclusions Auricular point therapy effectively may reduce postoperative pain, decrease analgesic usage and lower nausea and vomiting incidence lower extremity osteotomy in children.It offers a safe and viable option for perioperative pediatric care.
Key words: Auriculotherapy    Analgesia    Pain Management    Osteotomy    Lower Extremity    Child    

加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS)是以循证医学证据为基础,通过多学科协作,优化围手术期管理,进而减少手术应激和术后并发症,促进患者快速康复。手术后多模式镇痛是ERAS的重要组成部分[1-2]。目前小儿多模式术后镇痛主要由药物和多模式镇痛方法相结合,但很多镇痛药物在小儿存在超说明书使用,导致术后镇痛药物在小儿的应用受限。同时,由于儿童不配合,术后神经阻滞持续镇痛和硬膜外术后持续镇痛在小儿开展较为困难[3-5]。耳穴疗法是一种非药物的中医治疗方法,目前已在成人不同手术中证实存在术后镇痛效果[6-7]。耳穴疗法联合阿片类药物为小儿多模式术后镇痛提供了新的思路和选择。本研究拟通过小儿骨科截骨手术后应用耳穴疗法联合舒芬太尼镇痛,为耳穴疗法在小儿多模式术后镇痛的应用提供临床证据。

资料与方法 一、研究对象

本研究为前瞻性随机对照研究,以2022年6月至2022年12月在湖南省儿童医院行下肢截骨矫形手术的学龄期患儿为研究对象。患儿美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,通过随机数字表法分为耳穴治疗组(E组)及对照组(C组)。纳入标准:拟行下肢截骨手术;年龄6~12岁;ASA分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级;无心、肺、肝肾功能异常;无凝血功能障碍。排除标准:存在重要脏器及凝血功能异常;存在耳朵外观异常、耳面皮肤破溃等,不能进行耳穴帖压;硬膜外穿刺失败;既往存在慢性疼痛以及不能进行术后镇痛量表评分者。本项目通过湖南省儿童医院伦理委员会审核批准(HCHLL-2022-101),患儿监护人均知情并签署知情同意书。

样本量计算:根据前期预试验结果,两组术后CHEOPS疼痛评分分别为(6.45±1.23)分和(5.77±1.05)分,使用PASS软件计算后,a取双侧0.05,检验功效取0.9,得出每组至少需纳入45例患儿。考虑可能存在10%的失访率,本研究共纳入100例患儿,其中3例出现耳穴贴脱落,家属拒绝继续耳穴治疗而被剔除。因此,本研究共97例患儿入组,其中耳穴治疗组(E组)48例、对照组(C组)49例。

二、研究方法

患儿均采取全身麻醉加气管插管复合硬膜外麻醉。术前禁食固体食物8 h,禁食牛奶6 h,禁食清亮液体2 h。入室后常规予心电监护,丙泊酚3 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg、右美托咪定0.3 μg/kg及顺阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg快速静脉诱导。行可视下气管插管,呼吸机辅助机械通气。B超下行桡动脉穿刺置管并持续动脉测压;B超引导下行硬膜外穿刺置管,选择穿刺部位为第2至第3腰椎间隙,予0.25%罗哌卡因按0.5 mg/kg的首次负荷剂量,每隔90 min追加1/3~1/2首次剂量。予右美托咪定0.2 μg·kg-1·h-1泵入及2% ~3%七氟烷吸入,维持麻醉深度。根据脑电双频指数(electroencephalogram bispectral index, BIS)调节七氟烷浓度,维持BIS值在45~55。术中监测心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PetCO2)、体温和尿量, 予静脉输注10 mL·kg-1·h-1的醋酸钠林格注射液,根据术中出血情况及血气分析结果,输注胶体或血液制品,维持收缩压在基线值的20%以内。于手术快结束缝合皮肤时,予耳穴贴压。术毕患儿带气管导管至麻醉恢复室(postanesthesia care unit, PACU)。当自主呼吸潮气量达6 mL/kg且PetCO2低于50 mmHg时,拔除气管导管。当Aldrete评分超过9分且CHEOPS评分低于6分时送回病房。两组术后均采用静脉持续镇痛(舒芬太尼2 μg/kg+100 mL生理盐水),设定负荷量为2 mL、持续输注量为2 mL/h,单次追加剂量为0.5 mL,锁定时间为15 min。

耳穴疗法:由经过耳医学培训的医师使用耳穴探测仪结合解剖学定位,找到患儿双耳的7个耳穴进行压豆操作。耳穴贴压的部位(以右耳为例):膝或髋(根据股骨或胫骨截骨部位,在图中虚线区域探测敏感耳穴点)、神门、交感、肝、肾、皮质下以及内分泌[8](图 1)。指导患儿或家属进行穴位按摩,每次按压每个穴位20~30下,每天重复3次,按压时间不限。术后出现伤口疼痛时,可以增加按压次数,以感到耳部发热和胀感为宜[9]。耳穴区胶布于术后48 h取下。空白对照组患儿于任意7个耳穴点贴上胶布,未行压豆处理,且不进行其他干预,见图 2


图 1 耳穴治疗组耳穴贴压部位示意图 Fig.1 Schematic diagram of auricular point sticking sites in C group


图 2 对照组耳穴贴压示意图 Fig.2 Schematic diagram of auricular point sticking sites in C group
三、资料收集及观察指标

于耳穴贴压干预前和干预后48 h,抽取静脉血2~3 mL,通过酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测血CRP和β-EP水平。由经过培训的麻醉护士进行术后镇痛随访,分别于术后2 h(T0)、6 h(T1)、12 h(T2)、24 h(T3)和48 h(T4)评估CHEOPS评分。CHEOPS评分总分为13分,低于6分为镇痛完善;超过6分为镇痛不足,可予10 mg/kg的布洛芬静脉注射,并记录给药时间和给药次数。记录48 h内PCA按压次数及术后镇痛相关不良事件,包括术后呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等。于术后48 h对镇痛效果进行满意度评分,0分表示非常不满意,10分表示非常满意。

四、统计学处理

使用SPSS 26.0进行统计学分析。计量资料的正态性检验采用夏皮洛- 威尔克(Shapiro-Wilk, SW)法。对服从正态分布的计量资料采用x±s表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验;对于偏态分布的计量资料,以M(Q1, Q3)表示,组间比较采用非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U检验)。计数资料以频数和百分比表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。P值< 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

结果

两组患儿性别、年龄、身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、ASA分级、手术类型、手术时间、麻醉时间及拔管时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1表 2

表 1 两组下肢截骨矫形手术患儿一般情况比较 Table 1 Comparison of general profiles between two groups of children undergoing osteotomic correction for lower extremity

表 2 两组下肢截骨矫形手术患儿围手术期临床资料比较 Table 2 Comparison of perioperative parameters between two groups of children undergoing osteotomic correction for lower extremity

与C组相比,E组术后12 h和24 h静息及运动状态下CHEOPS疼痛评分较低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余时间点两组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 3表 4

表 3 两组下肢截骨矫形手术患儿静息状态下不同时间点CHEOPS疼痛评分比较(x±s,分) Table 3 Comparison of CHEOPS pain scores at rest in two groups of children undergoing osteotomic correction for lower extremity at different timepoints (x±s, point)

表 4 两组下肢截骨矫形手术患儿运动状态下不同时间点CHEOPS疼痛评分(x±s,分) Table 4 Comparison of CHEOPS pain scores during activity in two groups of children undergoing osteotomic correction for lower extremity at different timepoints (x±s, point)

两组手术结束前10 min血清CRP及β-EP水平比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),手术结束后48 h血清CRP及β-EP水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表 5

表 5 两组下肢截骨矫形手术患儿不同时间段血清CRP和β-EP浓度比较(x±s) Table 5 Comparison of serum concentrations of CRP andβ-EP at different timepoints in two groups of children undergoing osteotomic correction for lower extremity (x±s)

与C组相比,E组PCA按压次数明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。C组布洛芬补救率高于E组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表 6

表 6 两组下肢截骨矫形手术患儿PCA有效按压次数及布洛芬补救情况比较 Table 6 Comparison of PCA effective pressing times and ibuprofen rescue in two groups of children under- going osteotomic correction for lower extremity

本研究共12例术后发生恶心呕吐,其中E组2例(4%)、C组10例(20%),差异有统计学意义(Z=5.9,P<0.05)。术后家属镇痛满意度评分在E组为8(8, 9)分,C组为5(5, 6)分,差异有统计学意义(Z值=-8.63,P<0.05)。

讨论

小儿截骨手术涉及广泛的骨膜和骨骼组织,术后疼痛常较为剧烈,尤其是下肢截骨矫形手术,创伤大,术后疼痛尤为显著。减轻术后疼痛不仅能提高患儿舒适度,还能促进术后康复。耳穴疗法作为一种传统的中医治疗手段,在中国有着悠久的应用历史[10]。其无创、安全、简便的特点使其成为一种适合儿童疾病的治疗选择,并在多种疾病的治疗中展现出显著疗效。本研究中,耳穴疗法的使用基于耳穴的全息理论和中医的藏象学说,通过选择与手术区域相关联的耳穴来进行镇痛干预[11]。结果显示,耳穴疗法能够减轻小儿下肢截骨手术后疼痛,患儿术后12 h出现明显疼痛,予耳穴疗法干预可以明显减轻,耳穴治疗组患儿在T2和T3时间段静息和运动状态下的CHEOPS评分均明显降低,与Li等[12]研究结果一致。虽然两组在T0和T1时间段疼痛无明显区别,但不排除与硬膜外持续镇痛的效果有关[13]。2022年,Usichenko等[14]研究发现,耳穴疗法可以明显减少剖宫产术后患者镇痛药物的使用。本研究结果与其报道一致,耳穴治疗组患儿术后布洛芬的应用明显减少。

对照组由于更频繁地使用术后镇痛泵按压和布洛芬补救,在T4时间段,两组疼痛评分无显著差异,但这也导致了术后胃肠道不良反应的增加,特别是恶心呕吐发生率的增加。镇痛药物的过多使用,尤其是阿片类药物及布洛芬等非甾体类抗炎药物,容易引发胃肠道不良反应,包括恶心、呕吐和消化不良等[15]。本研究中,对照组患儿恶心呕吐的发生率近20%,而通过耳穴疗法干预能够明显降低其发生率(耳穴治疗组发生率约4%,降低近5倍),此与Chen等[16]研究结论一致。耳穴疗法的干预能够显著减少由麻醉药物引起的恶心呕吐,因此,建议将耳穴疗法作为预防术后恶心呕吐的辅助治疗方法。

目前,对于耳穴疗法的镇痛机制尚不十分明确,可能是诱发内源性镇痛途径,促进中枢内源性阿片肽β-EP的释放而产生镇痛[17-18]。本研究中,E组患儿术后48 h β-EP水平显著增加,进一步支持了这一假设。此外,E组患儿术后48 h的CRP水平显著降低,CRP是一种炎症标志物,通常用于反映术后早期炎症反应。手术创伤、炎症和疼痛均可增强患儿应激反应,而通过有效的镇痛方法,能够减少这些反应,从而降低术后并发症的发生率[19]

然而,本研究也存在一定的局限性,虽然我们评估了患儿术后β-EP和CRP的水平,但未能进一步深入探讨耳穴疗法的具体镇痛机制。因此,未来的研究应重点关注耳穴疗法的具体生物学机制,以明确其镇痛作用原理。

耳穴疗法能够缓解小儿下肢截骨矫形手术后疼痛,减少镇痛药物的使用,减少术后恶心呕吐的发生,可以安全有效地应用于小儿围手术期管理。

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