临床小儿外科杂志  2024, Vol. 23 Issue (8): 711-715  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202405062-003

引用本文  

杨一凡, 姜璟, 钱曼宁, 等. 血清胆汁酸水平对胆道闭锁Kasai术后退黄成功患儿预后评估的价值研究[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2024, 23(8): 711-715.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202405062-003
Yang YF, Jiang JY, Qian MN, et al. Value of serum bile acid levels in prognostic evaluation of successful jaundice resolution after Kasai procedure for biliary atresia[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2024, 23(8): 711-715.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202405062-003

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(82270541);上海市临床重点专科(shslczdzk05703)

通信作者

郑珊,E-mail:szheng@shmu.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2024-05-26
血清胆汁酸水平对胆道闭锁Kasai术后退黄成功患儿预后评估的价值研究
杨一凡 , 姜璟 , 钱曼宁 , 陈功 , 郑珊     
国家儿童医学中心 复旦大学附属儿科医院普外科, 上海 201102
摘要目的 探讨血清胆汁酸水平对胆道闭锁Kasai术后退黄成功患儿预后评估的价值。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月至2021年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院接受Kasai术后总胆红素降至正常的115例胆道闭锁患儿临床资料。根据术后6个月血清胆汁酸水平分为≤34 μmol/L组(n=54)和>34 μmol/L组(n=61)。比较两组术后实验室检查指标, 包括肝功能、凝血功能、血小板、脾脏大小、肝剪切波弹性成像测定等; 前哨事件, 包括血小板减少、脾肿大、胃底食管静脉曲张或消化道出血以及肝移植情况。结果 115例总胆红素降至正常的胆道闭锁患儿术后6个月血清胆汁酸为3~263 μmol/L(中位数34 μmol/L), 术后6个月与术后24个月血清胆汁酸水平具有较强相关性(r=0.623, P < 0.001)。血清胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L组与血清胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组相比, 术后24个月时血清总胆红素[6.5(5.5, 10.4)μmol/L比9.1(6.8, 12.9)μmol/L]、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶[48(37, 72)U/L比88(55, 118)U/L]、丙氨酸氨基转移酶[39(24, 70)U/L比70(35, 98)U/L]、γ-谷氨酰转移酶[73(30, 182)U/L比115(45, 270)U/L]、胆汁酸水平[21(11, 34)μmol/L比80(29, 162)μmol/L]、脾肋下长度[0(0, 10)mm比16(0, 40)mm]、肝剪切波弹性成像值[1.4(1.2, 1.6)m/s比1.6(1.3, 1.9)m/s]均明显降低, 而血清白蛋白[43(41, 44)g/L比43(38, 44)g/L]、血小板[214(149, 318)×109/L比191(96, 267)×109/L]水平均升高, 差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组国际标准化比值[0.95(0.93, 1.03)比0.97(0.91, 1.08)]、25-羟维生素D[34(27, 39)ng/mL比34(26, 37)ng/mL]水平比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L组术后24个月内血小板减少发生率[26.9%(14/52)比50.9%(28/55)]、脾肿大发生率[23.8%(10/42)比61.5%(24/39)]、前哨事件总发生率[30.8%(16/52)比70.9%(39/55)]较胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组明显降低, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);其术后2年肝移植率为3.7%(2/54), 而胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组为26.2%(16/61), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 胆道闭锁Kasai术后退黄成功患儿术后6个月高血清胆汁酸水平提示存在预后较差的可能。
关键词胆道闭锁    外科手术    胆汁酸类    预后    
Value of serum bile acid levels in prognostic evaluation of successful jaundice resolution after Kasai procedure for biliary atresia
Yang Yifan , Jiang Jingying , Qian Manning , Chen Gong , Zheng Shan     
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai 201102, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the value of serum bile acid levels in the prognostic evaluation of children with successful jaundice resolution after the Kasai procedure for biliary atresia (BA). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of 115 children with BA who underwent the Kasai procedure and achieved normal total bilirubin levels between January 2020 and December 2021 at Children's Hospital of Fudan University.Based on serum bile acid levels at 6 months post-surgery, patients were divided into ≤34 μmol/L and >34 μmol/L groups.Postoperative laboratory indices, including liver function, coagulation function, platelet count, spleen size, and liver shear wave elastography were compared between the two groups.The incidence of sentinel events, including thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, gastroesophageal varices or gastrointestinal bleeding, and liver transplantation, was also analyzed. Results Among the 115 patients with normal total bilirubin, serum bile acid levels at 6 months post-surgery ranged from 3 to 263 μmol/L (median 34 μmol/L).There was a strong correlation between bile acid levels at 6 months and 24 months post-surgery (r=0.623, P < 0.001).Compared to the >34 μmol/L group, the ≤34 μmol/L group had significantly lower levels of total bilirubin[6.5(5.5, 10.4)μmol/L vs.9.1(6.8, 12.9)μmol/L], aspartate aminotransferase [48(37, 72)U/L vs.88(55, 118)U/L], alanine aminotransferase [39(24, 70)U/L vs.70(35, 98)U/L], gamma-glutamyl transferase [73(30, 182)U/L vs.115(45, 270)U/L], bile acid levels [21(11, 34)μmol/L vs.80(29, 162)μmol/L], spleen length [0(0, 10)mm vs.16(0, 40)mm], and liver shear wave elastography values [1.4(1.2, 1.6)m/s vs.1.6(1.3, 1.9)m/s], while serum albumin [43(41, 44)g/L vs.43(38, 44)g/L]and platelet counts [214(149, 318)×109/L vs.191(96, 267)×109/L]were higher, with statistical significance (P < 0.05).International normalized ratio [0.95(0.93, 1.03) vs.0.97(0.91, 1.08)]and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [34(27, 39)ng/mL vs.34(26, 37)ng/mL]levels were similar between the groups (P>0.05).The incidence of thrombocytopenia [26.9%(14/52) vs.50.9%(28/55)], splenomegaly [23.8%(10/42) vs.61.5%(24/39)], and overall sentinel events[30.8%(16/52) vs.70.9%(39/55)]was significantly lower in the ≤34 μmol/L group (P < 0.05).The liver transplantation rate at 2 years post-surgery was 3.7% (2/54) in the ≤34 μmol/L group, compared to 26.2% (16/61) in the >34 μmol/L group. Conclusions Elevated serum bile acid levels at 6 months post-Kasai procedure suggest a potential for poorer prognosis in children with BA who initially achieve jaundice resolution.
Key words: Biliary Atresia    Surgical Procedures, Operative    Bile Acid    Prognosis    

胆道闭锁(biliary atresia,BA)是最严重的婴幼儿胆汁淤积性疾病,需尽早行肝门空肠吻合术(Kasai术)。血清胆红素是BA患儿术后最常用的预后指标,如持续升高,则提示预后不良[1-2]。然而在术后胆红素降至正常的患儿中,仍有约71%出现脾肿大,约45%出现血小板减少,约18%于术后2年内需要接受肝移植[3-4]。胆汁酸作为胆固醇在肝脏内的代谢产物,被广泛应用于肝纤维进展及预后的监测中,近年来研究发现血清胆汁酸水平与BA疾病进展具有潜在相关性[5-6]。为弥补血清胆红素单一指标评估BA预后的局限性,本研究通过回顾性分析115例Kasai术后退黄成功的BA患儿临床资料及随访结果,探索血清胆汁酸水平在BA手术后退黄成功患儿预后评估中的价值。

资料与方法 一、研究对象及纳排标准

本研究为回顾性研究,选择2020年1月1日至2021年12月31日在复旦大学附属儿科医院接受Kasai手术的BA患儿作为研究对象。病例纳入标准:①术后6个月内退黄成功(即血清总胆红素 < 20 μmol/L);②有术后第6个月血清胆汁酸随访记录。排除标准:术后6个月内行肝移植、死亡或失访。本研究已获得复旦大学附属儿科医院伦理委员会批准(复儿伦审[2022] — 17号)。患儿家长均知情并签署知情同意书。

研究期间共有323例BA患儿完成Kasai手术,其中术后6个月内接受肝移植81例、死亡15例、失访11例,另有72例血清胆红素水平未降至正常。故按照上述纳入与排除标准,共144例纳入研究,其中29例因无术后6个月胆汁酸检查记录被剔除,最终有115例纳入本研究。

二、分组方式

因纳入研究的患儿术后第6个月血清胆汁酸水平为3~263 μmol/L(中位数为34 μmol/L,图 1),故以34 μmol/L作为分组依据,将患儿分为两组,胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L组(54例)和胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组(61例)。


图 1 115例胆道闭锁患儿术后6个月血清胆汁酸水平分布情况 Fig.1 Distribution of serum bile acid levels at 6 months post-surgery in 115 children with BA
三、随访指标及相关定义

记录BA患儿手术前后临床数据、实验室检查及预后情况。基线资料包括:性别、手术日龄。实验室检查包括:肝组织病理纤维化分级(Batts-Ludwig评分系统)、血清总胆红素、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gam ma-glutamyl transpeptidase, GGT)、白蛋白、国际标准化比值、总胆汁酸、血小板和25-羟维生素D水平。肝脾参数包括:B超检测脾脏左肋缘下长度及肝剪切波弹性成像测定[7]。预后评价指标包括:胆管炎、前哨事件(血小板减少、脾肿大、胃底食管静脉曲张或消化道出血)、肝移植情况等[8]

本研究中胆管炎定义为发热>38℃,伴胆红素升高、大便颜色变浅或黄疸。血小板减少定义为血小板计数 < 150×109/L。脾肿大定义为脾脏下缘超过左侧肋缘下20 mm。消化道出血定义为经内镜证实为静脉曲张所致呕血或便血[8]

四、统计学处理

使用SPSS 26.0进行统计分析。不服从正态分布的连续型变量(手术日龄、实验室检查指标、肝脾参数)采用M(Q1, Q3)表示,两组比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。分类变量(性别、胆管炎、前哨事件及肝移植发生率)采用例数(百分比)表示,两组比较采用卡方检验或Fisher精确概率法。两组相关性分析采用Spearman法,两组自体肝生存时间比较采用Kaplan-Meier曲线。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果 一、两组临床特征及实验室检查结果比较

两组在性别、手术日龄、肝纤维化病理分级、术后6个月内胆管炎和肝脏前哨事件(血小板减少和脾肿大)发生率方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 1)。胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L组患儿术后第24个月的总胆红素、AST、ALT、GGT、胆汁酸水平、脾肋下长度、肝剪切波弹性成像值明显低于胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组,而血小板计数和白蛋白水平高于胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组,差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组国际标准化比值和25-羟维生素D水平相似,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 2)。两组术后6个月和24个月血清胆汁酸水平之间具有较强相关性(r=0.623, P < 0.001)。

表 1 两组胆道闭锁患儿一般资料 Table 1 General data of children with BA in both groups

表 2 两组胆道闭锁患儿术后第24个月实验室检查指标[M(Q1, Q3)] Table 2 Laboratory test indicators at 24 months post-surgery in children with BA in both groups[M(Q1, Q3)]
二、两组前哨事件发生率及预后比较

胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L组患儿术后24个月内血小板减少、脾肿大及前哨事件总发生率明显低于胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 3);而胆管炎发生率差异无统计学意义(29.6%比37.7%,P=0.361)。胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L组患儿术后24个月内肝移植率明显低于胆汁酸>34 μmol/L组(3.7%比26.2%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。见表 3图 3

表 3 两组胆道闭锁患儿术后24个月内前哨事件发生率及肝移植比率情况(%) Table 3 Incidence of sentinel events and prognosis within 24 months post-surgery in children with BA in both groups(%)


图 3 两组胆道闭锁患儿术后24个月内自体肝生存情况 Fig.3 Survival of native liver in children with BA at 24 months post-surgery in both groups
讨论

BA患儿Kasai术后3~6个月血清胆红素降至正常,则术后10年自体肝存活率可达75% ~90%[9-10]。但仍有部分退黄成功患儿肝纤维化持续进展,需要肝移植才能长期存活,而此时已降至正常范围的胆红素指标无法评估该部分患儿预后情况。既往文献报道及长期随访中发现部分退黄成功的BA患儿血清胆汁酸水平依然处于波动状态,且与疾病进展存在一定关联[5-6]。本研究发现Kasai术后6个月血清胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L的患儿术后24个月肝功能指标更好,包括总胆红素、AST、ALT和GGT等肝损伤标志物均明显降低;前哨事件的发生率也明显降低,如血小板减少、脾肿大等。更重要的是,血清胆汁酸≤34 μmol/L的患儿术后2年肝移植率仅3.7%,而胆汁酸水平>34 μmol/L的患儿肝移植率为26.2%,提示术后胆汁酸水平与自体肝生存等重要预后指标可能存在高度相关。

随访本研究中323例BA患儿术后自体肝黄疸清除率发现,术后3个月黄疸清除率为40.6%,术后6个月达48.1%。为纳入更多病例,本研究选择术后6个月退黄成功作为入组标准。根据健康大龄儿童和成人胆汁酸水平上限为10 μmol/L,如选择该截断值,则仅有15例患儿术后6个月胆汁酸水平处于该范围内。空腹且无口服熊去氧胆酸的健康婴儿胆汁酸水平临界值处于20~30 μmol/L水平,而术后6个月BA患儿均每日口服熊去氧胆酸,可能增加血清胆汁酸水平,故取115例入组患儿血清胆汁酸水平中位数34 μmol/L作为分组标准[11-13]

Kasai术后BA患儿血清胆汁酸水平仍处于较高水平可能是肝细胞对胆汁淤积长期适应的结果[14]。胆汁淤积状态时肝细胞会下调基底膜的钠- 牛磺胆酸盐共转运多肽(Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, NTCP),限制血液中胆汁酸吸收入肝[15];同时上调有机溶质转运蛋白α/β(organic solute transporter alfa/beta, OST α/β),促进胆汁酸入血[16]。即使在胆汁淤积情况缓解以后,肝细胞也可能继续保持NTCP和OST α/β的这些改变,由此导致血清胆汁酸处于持续高水平。

本研究的局限性在于:①部分患儿术后未采集胆汁酸指标导致入组病例数量下降; ②抽血前进食或口服熊去氧胆酸可能影响血清胆汁酸水平,尽管我们在随访中告知家长空腹抽血,但仍不能保证所有患儿特别是婴儿均处于禁食状态[13]; ③小部分退黄成功患儿术后6个月已出现肝脏前哨事件,如样本量足够大,在更早时间点(如术后3个月)检测胆汁酸水平可能提供更多有价值信息。

本研究结果提示血清胆汁酸在评估BA退黄成功患儿预后中具有重要价值,但并不能确认胆汁酸水平是否为肝损伤加重的驱动因素。正在进行的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的胆汁酸转运蛋白抑制剂A4250临床试验将进一步探讨该问题[17-18]。Kasai术后胆红素降至正常的患儿血清胆汁酸水平升高提示预后较差的可能,未来需要进行前瞻性研究以进一步探讨血清胆汁酸的预测价值,以及如何更好应用到临床诊疗中。

利益冲突  所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明  杨一凡、陈功负责论文设计,杨一凡、姜璟、钱曼宁负责数据收集,杨一凡、姜璟负责研究结果分析与讨论,杨一凡负责论文撰写;郑珊、陈功负责全文知识性内容的审读与修正

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