发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip, DDH)是小儿常见的骨关节畸形之一,可引起跛行、股骨头坏死甚至残疾,严重影响患儿及其家长的生活质量,流行病学数据显示,我国DDH发病率为1‰ ~34‰,其常见的危险因素包括家族史、女性、臀位产、羊水过少、巨大儿、韧带松弛等[1-2]。DDH遵从早发现、早治疗的原则,患儿年龄不同,治疗方式选择不同,一般6月龄以内患儿首选支具或吊带治疗,6~18月龄患儿首选闭合复位石膏固定术治疗,保守治疗失败以及确诊年龄超过2岁的患儿通常需要手术治疗[3]。但在18~24月龄DDH患儿的临床实践中,不同国家、地区以及不同医师对患儿的治疗方式选择存在很大差异,该年龄段患儿髋关节病理改变与髋臼发育情况不同,因此国际上暂无统一的治疗方案[4]。DDH治疗后的并发症主要有残余髋臼发育不良(residual acetabular dysplasia, RAD)、股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis, AVN)、再脱位、关节僵硬等,其中RAD与AVN是其最重要的并发症[5-6]。
一、18~24月龄DDH患儿的主要治疗方式DDH患儿接受治疗后,髋臼形态恢复的充分性取决于复位时髋臼和股骨近端的生长塑形潜力。1961年Salter[7]提出:患儿18月龄后髋关节软组织挛缩和髋臼软骨塑形能力明显降低,行闭合复位或单纯切开复位术很难达到理想效果,应进行骨盆截骨术。但后期研究证实髋关节同心圆稳定复位后,髋臼在患儿4~5岁前塑形能力仍较强[8-10]。Terjesen等[11]也认为患儿18月龄以后不一定需要进行骨盆截骨术,闭合复位或单纯切开复位也能取得较好疗效。
(一) 闭合复位术经典的闭合复位石膏固定术在DDH治疗中广泛应用,通常适用于6~24月龄的DDH患儿,但18~24月龄患儿需严格选择适应证。闭合复位术虽不能消除髋关节内多余的软组织,但其创伤远小于切开复位术。以往行闭合复位的DDH患儿常需要术前牵引,牵引的目的是使髋关节周围组织松弛,从而减轻股骨头与髋臼间压力,减少股骨头坏死并降低切开复位率[12]。但许多文献报道牵引并不能降低AVN发生率,且现实中一般为垂直悬吊牵引,并不能放松髂腰肌和内收肌,因而目前不推荐DDH手术前常规行牵引治疗。复位时可行关节造影了解髋关节内软组织形态和复位效果,以轻柔的手法进行复位,确认安全区大于20°。复位时根据内收肌是否紧张行内收长肌切断,必要时同时切断髂腰肌肌腱,可以增大髋关节外展,增加安全区范围。复位后通常行石膏固定,早期采用蛙式石膏固定,虽可使髋关节复位后具有较高稳定性,但外展角度过大容易导致股骨头缺血性坏死。自Ramsey等[13]提出安全区的概念以后,人类位石膏被广泛采纳,其使髋关节屈曲90° ~110°、外展45° ~55°,既能维持髋关节稳定固定,又能减少股骨头坏死的风险。
(二) 单纯切开复位术由于软组织阻挡的缘故,不是所有DDH患儿通过闭合方法均能立即获得完全同心圆复位。闭合复位失败的患儿可行单纯切开复位术,其优点在于:可切除关节内的关节囊“葫芦颈”、去除髋臼内肥大的圆韧带和脂肪组织等,但与闭合复位术相同的是不能使髋臼指数即刻降低。切开复位术有不同的手术入路,一般为内侧入路和前侧入路,内侧入路的优点在于创伤小且切口更为美观,但它有损伤旋股内侧动脉的风险,可能增高AVN的发生率[14]。前侧入路虽然创伤大,但其视野更佳,利于清除关节内多余的组织和重建关节囊,也可同时行骨盆截骨术, 适用于年龄较大且需行骨盆截骨的DDH的患儿。单纯切开复位术与闭合复位术相同,术后均需行人类位石膏固定。
(三) Salter骨盆截骨术18~24月龄DDH患儿采用的骨盆截骨术主要是Salter骨盆截骨术,其手术效果好,但由于其创伤大、麻醉时间长、失血多且手术费用较高,手术医师选择骨盆截骨术时往往存在顾虑。Salter截骨术的优点在于可以立即增加髋臼对股骨头的覆盖,降低髋臼指数,达到同心圆复位,为完全髂骨截骨,适用于髋臼指数不超过45°的患儿,以耻骨联合为铰链进行旋转,增加股骨头前外侧覆盖,改变了髋臼方向,但不改变髋臼容积[15]。对于极少数股骨头脱位高、髋臼平浅和股骨头小的患儿,可行Pemberton截骨术,其为不完全髂骨截骨,以“Y”型软骨进行旋转,可改变髋臼容积,使髋臼能够更好地包容股骨头。
二、18~24月龄DDH患儿不同手术方式适应证的探讨目前,18~24月龄的DDH患儿选择闭合复位术、单纯切开复位术和骨盆截骨术的治疗方式已被广泛接受,然而医师对不同手术方法的适应证仍未统一。DDH治疗的关键在于使股骨头同心圆复位,从而给髋臼发育提供最佳时机和环境。
治疗DDH的单纯切开复位术,其疗效和手术创伤介于闭合复位和骨盆截骨术之间。临床实践中,单纯切开复位术的选择标准已较为成熟,主要根据术中髋关节的稳定性和造影结果进行选择,术中首先对患儿尝试闭合复位,若安全区<20°、需要超过10° ~15°的内旋来复位、造影池>7 mm,应考虑行切开复位治疗[17]。一些机构进行了闭合复位和单纯切开复位术的疗效对比研究,术中根据单纯切开复位手术选择标准进行术式选择,经选择后行单纯切开复位术的患儿病情较重,文献分析结果也显示其术前脱位程度的国际髋关节发育不良协会(International Hip Dysplasia Institution, IHDI)分型较行闭合复位术的患儿重,这表明通过选择标准可大致选择出病情较重的患儿行单纯切开复位术,该选择方法是可行的,尽管行闭合复位术的患儿术前脱位程度多为Ⅲ型,而行切开复位术的患儿多为Ⅳ型,但闭合复位术后髋臼指数(acetabular index, AI)改善较小、RAD和二次手术的发生率高于切开复位术,表明经过选择后,单纯切开复位术在18~24月龄患儿的治疗中具有重要作用[11, 18]。单纯切开复位术选择标准仍在不断改进中,2016年Zhang等[19]提出当术中造影显示股骨头覆盖率≤30%时,应考虑行切开复位治疗。也有学者提出如果髋关节外展角小于40°时复位稳定且造影内侧池<6 mm,则可行闭合复位术,否则应行切开复位治疗[20]。选择骨盆截骨术大多是根据患儿术中髋关节稳定情况,若髋关节单纯切开复位后仍然不稳定则可考虑行骨盆截骨术,但部分DDH患儿行石膏固定术(闭合复位和单纯切开复位)后并发症发生率仍较高,因此有必要探讨闭合或单纯切开复位石膏固定术后发生并发症的影响因素[16, 21]。
DDH患儿预后的影响因素复杂,目较多观点认为术前AI值越大和脱位程度越高,DDH治疗失败的可能性越大[22-23]。2020年Zhang等[24]曾提出行闭合复位术的患儿术前AI值大于38.7°、脱位程度为IHDI Ⅳ型时,其术后RAD、AVN和再脱位的风险显著增加。Çitlak等[16]的研究也发现术前AI>40°的患者有50%的残余发育不良风险。除了术前AI值和脱位程度外,部分研究还认为术前髋臼水平宽度、泪囊线、复位后股骨头覆盖率可作为RAD的预测因素[25-26]。Venkatadass等[26]根据患儿术前软骨髋臼指数、髋臼前部覆盖率和髋部稳定性来决定是否行骨盆截骨术,如果股骨前倾角大于40°、髋臼与股骨头间压力大,则同时进行股骨截骨。Ramani等[27]认为患儿术前AI>40°和术中髋关节不稳定时,建议行骨盆截骨术。2017年国内指南正式指出,DDH手术方式的选择应根据每例患儿的具体情况,相关因素包括:①试行闭合复位的稳定程度;②关节松弛度;③身高、体重(身高>80 cm、体重>10 kg时,截骨更易操作且稳定);④单侧或双侧;⑤术前髋臼指数大小。对关节松弛、身材矮、体重轻的患儿可试行闭合复位;对月龄超过18个月、身高大于80 cm、体重大于10 kg、髋臼指数大于40°的患儿,切开复位截骨手术可能为更佳的选择[28]。
从以上研究可以看出,18~24月龄DDH患儿治疗方式的选择越来越趋向于个体化,但各研究结果差异较大,骨盆截骨术仍无较理想的选择标准。不应仅仅根据患儿的年龄决定行闭合或开放复位术,也不应认为仅行某一种治疗效果会更佳,而应根据患儿髋关节的术前基本情况、髋臼塑形能力及术后并发症等选择个体化治疗方案。综合考虑,对于患儿的治疗选择,目前倾向于选择出合适行骨盆截骨术的患儿,再选择出适合行单纯切开复位术的患儿,最后剩下的患儿行闭合复位术,满足大致的三阶梯治疗模式。但骨盆截骨术的选择标准目前尚未完善,当前的研究趋势是根据DDH患儿术前AI值、IHDI分型、术中髋关节稳定性、造影时股骨头覆盖率等来评估是否行骨盆截骨术。
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