临床小儿外科杂志  2024, Vol. 23 Issue (3): 210-215  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202210020-002

引用本文  

黄乙勇, 符凯, 洪聪, 等. 血清骨桥蛋白与瘦素联合临床特征对发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位后股骨头坏死的预测价值[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2024, 23(3): 210-215.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202210020-002
Huang YY, Fu K, Hong C, et al. Value of combining osteopontin and leptin with clinical features in predicting femoral head necrosis after closed reduction of developmental dislocation of the hip[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2024, 23(3): 210-215.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202210020-002

基金项目

海南省临床医学中心建设项目资助(琼卫医函〔2021〕75号);海南自然科学基金面上项目(20168326)

通信作者

黄乙勇,Email:hh52136@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-10-13
血清骨桥蛋白与瘦素联合临床特征对发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位后股骨头坏死的预测价值
黄乙勇 , 符凯 , 洪聪 , 朱立宁     
海南省妇女儿童医学中心小儿骨科,海口 570100
摘要目的 探讨骨桥蛋白(osteopontin, OPN)、瘦素(leptin)联合临床特征对发育性髋关节脱位患儿闭合复位后股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of femoral head, AVN)的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年1月海南省妇女儿童医学中心收治的130例发育性髋关节脱位患儿临床资料,患儿均于全身麻醉下行闭合复位治疗,随访18个月。根据是否并发AVN分为AVN组(n=52)和无AVN组(n=78)。收集所有患儿一般资料(包括性别、年龄、患髋侧别、脱位程度、内收肌松解情况、有无骨化核、血管分型、血管数量、股骨头灌注改变情况、术前髋臼指数),测量股骨头高度、前后径、左右径,检测血清OPN及瘦素水平;采用非条件Logistic逐步回归分析发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的影响因素。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析股骨头左右径及前后径、血清OPN及leptin对于预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的价值。结果 AVN组和无AVN组中血管分型为Ⅰ型者分别为14例(14/52,26.92%)和6例(6/78,7.69%);股骨头灌注改变为B类者分别为28例(28/52,53.85%)和28例(28/78,35.90%);股骨头灌注改变为C类者分别为13例(13/52,25.00%)和4例(4/78,5.13%)。AVN组和无AVN组股骨头左右径分别为(1.65±0.26)cm和(1.88±0.25)cm;股骨头前后径分别为(1.74±0.32)cm和(1.95±0.29)cm;OPN分别为(11.36±3.72)μg/L和(6.52±2.17)μg/L;瘦素分别为(44.29±8.35)μg/L和(28.52±6.37)μg/L;Logistic回归分析结果显示,血管分型Ⅰ型、股骨头灌注改变为B类和C类、股骨头左右径≤1.782 cm、股骨头前后径≤1.856 cm、OPN ≥8.049 μg/L、瘦素≥38.075 μg/L是发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的危险因素(P<0.05);ROC曲线分析结果显示,股骨头左右径、股骨头前后径、血清OPN及瘦素预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的曲线下面积分别为0.851(95%CI:0.788~0.914)、0.787(95%CI:0.711~0.863)、0.978(95%CI:0.959~0.997)、0.926(95%CI:0.884~0.967),灵敏度分别为0.788、0.673、0.885、0.788,特异度分别为0.769、0.692、0.833、0.795。结论 发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN可能与股骨头血管发育不成熟、闭合复位治疗后股骨头灌注差等因素有关。临床可测量股骨头左右径及前后径,并检测血清OPN和瘦素水平,为预测AVN的发生提供参考。
关键词发育性髋关节脱位    股骨头缺血性坏死    外科手术    儿童    
Value of combining osteopontin and leptin with clinical features in predicting femoral head necrosis after closed reduction of developmental dislocation of the hip
Huang Yiyong , Fu Kai , Hong Cong , Zhu Lining     
Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hainan Provincial Women & Children's Medical Center, Haikou 570100, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the value of osteopontin (OPN) and leptin plus clinical features in predicting avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head in children with developmental hip dislocation (DHD) after closed reduction. Methods From January 2018 to January 2021, the relevant clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 130 hospitalized DHD children undergoing closed reduction under general anesthesia.They were assigned into two groups of AVN and non-AVN.Basic demographics were collected, including gender, age, side of affected hip, degree of dislocation, adductor muscle release, presence/absence of ossification nucleus, vascular classification, number of blood vessels, femoral head perfusion change and preoperative acetabular index.Height, anterioposterior (AP) and left/right diameters of femoral head were measured.The influencing factors of AVN were examined by unconditional Logistic stepwise regression.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized for examining the values of femoral head diameter, AP diameter and serum OPN/leptin in predicting AVN. Results The proportion of patients with vascular type I in AVN group and without AVN group was 14 (26.92%) and 6 (7.69%), respectively. The proportion of B patients with femoral head perfusion changes was 28 (53.85%) and 28 (35.90%), respectively. The proportion of type C changes in femoral head perfusion was 13 cases (25.00%) and 4 cases (5.13%), respectively. The diameter of femoral head was (1.65±0.26) cm in AVN group and (1.88±0.25) cm without AVN group, respectively. The anteroposterior diameter of femoral head was (1.74±0.32) cm and (1.95±0.29) cm, respectively. OPN was (11.36±3.72) μg/L and (6.52±2.17) μg/L, respectively. Leptin levels were (44.29±8.35) μg/L and (28.52±6.37) μg/L, respectively.Logistic regression analysis indicated that vascular classification type Ⅰ, femoral head perfusion change class B/C, left/right diameter of femoral head ≤1.782 cm, AP diameter of femoral head ≤1.856 cm, OPN ≥8.049 μg/L and leptin ≥38.075 μg/L were risk factors for AVN (P < 0.05).ROC analysis revealed that area under the curve for predicting AVN was 0.851 (95%CI: 0.788-0.914), 0.787 (95%CI: 0.711-0.863) and 0.978 (95%CI: 0.711-0.863).0.959-0.997), 0.926(95%CI: 0.884-0.967) with a sensitivity of 0.788, 0.673, 0.885, 0.788 and a specificity of 0.769, 0.692, 0.833, 0.795 respectively. Conclusions AVN may be correlated with immature vascular development and poor perfusion of femoral head after closed reduction in DHD children.Left/right and AP diameters of femoral head are measured clinically.And serum level of OPN/leptin may be quantified to provide references for predicting AVN.
Key words: Ossified Nucleus of Femoral Head    Developmental Dysplasia of The Hip    Surgical Procedures, Operative    Child    

发育性髋关节脱位临床表现为髋臼发育不良、髋关节全脱位或半脱位,是儿童常见的骨关节发育疾病。闭合复位是临床治疗该病的常用方法,旨在保证早期稳定复位,降低股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of femoral head, AVN)的风险[1-2]。AVN是发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位治疗后常见的并发症,既往研究显示,AVN的发生与脱位程度、制动体位、石膏固定方式、治疗年龄等因素有关,但与AVN发生相关的实验室指标较少[3-4]。骨桥蛋白(osteopontin, OPN)具有诱导骨骼钙化、免疫反应、细胞黏附和迁移等多种生物学功能,在血管重塑、损伤修复和抗炎等方面均有一定作用[5-6]。瘦素是一种分泌型蛋白质,能够引起脂肪代谢紊乱,而脂肪代谢紊乱是股骨头坏死的重要机制[7]。本研究回顾性分析130例发育性髋关节脱位患儿的临床资料,旨在探究OPN、瘦素联合临床特征预测发育性髋关节脱位并发AVN的价值,以期为临床筛查AVN高风险人群提供理论依据,并为临床采取干预性措施提供指导。

资料与方法 一、研究对象

回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年1月海南省妇女儿童医学中心收治的130例发育性髋关节脱位患儿临床资料。病例纳入标准:①单侧髋关节脱位;②影像学资料完整;③行闭合复位治疗;④患儿父母对本研究知情同意。排除标准:①感染性髋关节脱位;②合并骨髓病变(如脊髓发育异常、脊髓肿块等);③脑瘫性髋关节脱位;④合并脊髓栓系、脑瘫、马蹄内翻足等疾病;⑤合并骨代谢疾病(如骨质疏松、内分泌骨病等)。研究已获得海南省妇女儿童医学中心伦理委员会批准(2017-23号)。纳入研究患儿中男59例、女71例;年龄(1.78±0.42)岁;左髋63例、右髋67例;血管分型:Ⅰ型20例、Ⅱ型46例、Ⅲ型64例;股骨头灌注改变:A类57例、B类56例、C类17例。患儿于全身麻醉下行闭合复位治疗,复位后石膏固定3个月,拆除石膏后予全天外展支具固定3个月,随访18个月,末次随访时对所有患儿行X线检查,采用Kalamchi-MacEwen法评估AVN情况,根据是否发生AVN分为AVN组(n=52)和无AVN组(n=78)。

二、研究方法

收集所有患儿临床资料,包括性别、年龄、患髋侧别、脱位程度、内收肌松解情况、有无骨化核、血管分型、血管数量、术前髋臼指数、术后股骨头灌注改变情况。

股骨头测量:在影像归档和通信系统(picture archiving and communication system, PACS)中,采集患儿闭合复位治疗前MRI检查冠状面、横断面股骨头最大扫描层并测量以下指标:①股骨头高度:划定股骨近端骺板线,之后平行此线在股骨头顶端作一条切线,股骨头高度即为两条线之间的距离;②股骨头左右径:在股骨头内外侧各作一条切线,并保证两条线都与股骨头近端骺板线垂直,股骨头直径即为两条切线间的距离;③股骨头前后径:在股骨头前后侧各作一条水平切线,股骨头前后径即为两条水平切线的距离。

实验室检测指标:闭合复位治疗前采集患儿空腹外周静脉血4 mL,以3 000 r/min离心10 min,取血清置于-80℃冰箱中保存待检。严格遵循试剂盒步骤,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清OPN、瘦素水平。

三、统计学处理

采用SPSS 22.0对数据进行处理。服从正态分布的计量资料(如年龄、血管数量等)以x±s表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验;计数资料(如性别、患髋侧别)以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;多因素分析采用非条件Logistic逐步回归分析;以受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析股骨头左右径、股骨头前后径、血清OPN及瘦素预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果 一、发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的单因素分析

与无AVN组相比,AVN组血管分型Ⅰ型、术后股骨头灌注改变为B类和C类的患者比例较高,且AVN组股骨头左右径、股骨头前后径较小,血清OPN、瘦素水平较高(P<0.05);两组性别、年龄、患髋侧别、脱位程度、内收肌松解情况、有无骨化核、血管数量、术前髋臼指数、股骨头高度等资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 1

表 1 影响发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的单因素分析 Table 1 Univariate analysis of femoral head necrosis in DHD children
二、发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的多因素Logistic回归分析

将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量纳入Logistic多因素回归模型,进行判定量化处理,因变量为发育性髋关节脱位患儿是否并发AVN(是=1,否=0),自变量为血管分型(Ⅰ型=1,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型=0)、术后股骨头灌注改变类别(B、C类=1,A类=0)、股骨头左右径(≤1.782 cm=1,>1.782 cm=0)、股骨头前后径(≤1.856 cm=1,>1.856 cm=0)、OPN(≥8.049 μg/L=1,<8.049 μg/L=0)、瘦素(≥38.075 μg/L=1,<38.075 μg/L=0)。结果显示,血管分型Ⅰ型、术后股骨头灌注改变为B类和C类、股骨头左右径≤1.782 cm、股骨头前后径≤1.856 cm、OPN≥8.049 μg/L、瘦素≥38.075 μg/L是发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的危险因素(P<0.05),见表 2

表 2 影响发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的多因素分析结果 Table 2 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of femoral head necrosis in DHD children
三、股骨头左右径、股骨头前后径、血清OPN及瘦素预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的ROC曲线分析

经ROC曲线分析发现,股骨头左右径≤1.782 cm、股骨头前后径≤1.856 cm、OPN≥8.049 μg/L、瘦素≥38.075 μg/L是发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的最佳截断值(P<0.05),见表 3;股骨头左右径、股骨头前后径、血清OPN及瘦素预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的ROC曲线见图 1

表 3 股骨头左右径、股骨头前后径、血清OPN及瘦素预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的ROC曲线分析 Table 3 ROC analysis of left/right femoral head diameter, anterioposterior femoral head diameter and serum OPN/leptin in predicting femoral head necrosis in DHD children


图 1 股骨头左右径、股骨头前后径、血清OPN及瘦素预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的ROC曲线 Fig.1 ROC curve of left/right femoral head diameter, anterioposterior femoral head diameter and serum OPN/leptin in predicting femoral head necrosis in DHD children   AVN:股骨头缺血性坏死;OPN:骨桥蛋白;ROC:受试者工作特征
讨论

AVN是发育性髋关节脱位闭合复位治疗后常见且较严重的并发症,发生AVN后,患儿会遗留不同程度的股骨头畸形,包括肢体不等长、短髋畸形、股骨头变形等,最后可导致退行性关节炎,引起严重的功能障碍和疼痛,对患儿身心健康造成严重影响[8-10]。AVN的发病机制和预防是临床研究的重要课题,目前国内外对AVN发生的影响因素研究较多,但结论尚未统一,且缺乏可以量化的指标。本研究通过分析OPN、瘦素联合临床特征预测发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的价值,期望为AVN的预防提供帮助。

本研究发现,与无AVN组相比,AVN组血管分型为Ⅰ型、术后股骨头灌注改变为B类和C类的患者比例较高,且AVN组股骨头左右径及前后径较小,血清OPN、瘦素水平较高,提示以上因素可能是发育性髋关节脱位并发AVN的相关因素,考虑其原因为: ①股骨头的正常发育和骨化与其血供密切相关,随着股骨头骨骼的生长发育,股骨头的血管数量和分布也不断改变[11]。研究显示,婴幼儿的正常股骨头血管主要呈现出三种类型,并与骨骺发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型相对应,分型越高,血管发育越成熟[12]。本研究中AVN组血管分型为Ⅰ型的患儿比例明显高于无AVN组,即AVN组血管发育不成熟的患儿较多,股骨头发育较差,因此发生AVN的风险较高。②本研究中AVN组股骨头灌注改变为B、C类的患儿比例较高,提示患儿闭合复位后血流灌注变差,血运不佳,既往研究已证实导致AVN发生的一个重要因素为股骨头血运障碍[13]。③股骨头发育情况与AVN的发生具有密切联系,研究显示,随着股骨头直径的增加,AVN的发生率明显降低,其抗压面积也越大,循环压应力小;另外随着股骨头直径的增多,血管数量相应增多,血管管腔也变大,因此股骨头直径与AVN的发生风险呈负相关[14-15]。④OPN对AVN的影响可能与以下因素有关:其一,OPN能通过减少组织中蛋白多糖、提高基质金属蛋白酶13等方式,促进软骨退行性变,且OPN可以诱导软骨细胞凋亡,从而对关节软骨造成损害[16]。其二,OPN在骨吸收时能促进骨基质和破骨细胞的黏附,且OPN还可诱导破骨细胞的破骨过程。有研究认为,骨桥蛋白能够引起骨代谢改变,具有介导机械应力的作用[17]。⑤瘦素对AVN的影响可能与以下因素有关:第一,瘦素具有调节骨量的作用,瘦素能够通过介导患者体内脂质和骨量的平衡,在骨代谢、能量平衡、储备体脂等过程中发挥纽带作用[18]。第二,瘦素具有调控骨形成的作用,瘦素在中枢神经系统中是骨形成的抑制因子[19]。第三,瘦素在骨矿化、成骨细胞发育过程中具有重要作用,研究显示,在体外培养的成骨细胞中加入瘦素能够刺激并促进细胞增殖、分化和矿化,此外瘦素还可通过减少细胞凋亡促进成骨细胞向骨细胞转化[20]

本研究使用Logistic回归分析模型及ROC曲线进行分析,结果显示血管分型Ⅰ型、股骨头灌注改变为B和C类、股骨头左右径≤1.782 cm、股骨头前后径≤1.856 cm、OPN≥8.049 μg/L、瘦素≥38.075 μg/L是发育性髋关节脱位患儿并发AVN的危险因素,可以认为符合以上因素的患儿发生AVN的风险较高,临床应密切关注。

综上,股骨头血管发育不成熟、闭合复位术后股骨头灌注异常、股骨头直径等因素可能增加发育性髋关节脱位患儿发生AVN的风险。临床可通过测量股骨头直径,检测血清OPN、瘦素水平筛查AVN高风险患儿,及时干预,降低AVN发生率。此外本研究仍存在部分不足之处,如样本量较小、存在一定偏倚、未能将AVN的所有影响因素纳入分析等,希望在后续研究中扩大样本量,进一步明确临床特征与AVN发生之间的关系。

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作者贡献声明  黄乙勇负责研究的设计、实施和起草文章;符凯进行病例数据收集及分析;洪聪、朱立宁负责研究设计与酝酿,并对文章知识性内容进行审阅

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