临床小儿外科杂志  2024, Vol. 23 Issue (2): 178-183  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202308019-015

引用本文  

刘登辉, 黎明, 唐湘莲, 等. 儿童胃肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2024, 23(2): 178-183.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202308019-015
Liu DH, Li M, Tang XL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of gastrointestinal tract in children[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2024, 23(2): 178-183.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202308019-015

基金项目

湖南省卫生健康委科研计划课题(202104081314);湖南省自然科学基金-面上项目(2023JJ30323)

通信作者

李勇, Email: liyongpuwaike@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-08-16
儿童胃肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗
刘登辉 , 黎明 , 唐湘莲 , 黄召 , 向强兴 , 周宇翔 , 李勇     
湖南省儿童医院普外科, 长沙 410007
摘要目的 总结儿童胃肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, IMT)的临床特征及诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院普外科2010年1月至2021年12月收治的11例胃肠道IMT患儿临床资料, 男7例, 女4例; 发病年龄8个月至15岁, 收集患儿临床特点、影像学检查、病理学诊断、外科治疗及随访情况等。结果 11例主要以腹痛、呕吐、发热、血便及腹部肿物就诊。10例行一期手术完整切除肿瘤, 其中1例术后予化疗; 1例经活检确诊后未予手术, 仅行化疗。11例均病理诊断明确, 均获随访(随访时间6~60个月), 其中9例治愈, 2例带瘤生存(1例于术后2年复发)。结论 儿童胃肠道IMT临床少见, 手术是首选治疗方法。复发、难治性IMT的治疗亟待进一步积累经验。
关键词肿瘤, 肌组织    胃肠肿瘤    炎症    诊断    治疗    预后    儿童    
Diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of gastrointestinal tract in children
Liu Denghui , Li Ming , Tang Xianglian , Huang Zhao , Xiang Qiangxing , Zhou Yuxiang , Li Yong     
Department of General Surgery, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
Abstract: Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment experience of gastrointestinal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) in children. Methods From January 2010 to December 2021, retrospective analysis was performed for the relevant clinical data of 11 children of abdominal gastrointestinal IMT. Clinical manifestations, radiographic features, pathological examinations, surgical approaches and follow-up results were recorded. And the related literatures of pediatric abdominal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors were retrieved. Results There were 7 boys and 4 girls with a median onset age of 56(8-180) months. The major symptoms were abdominal pain, vomiting, fever, bloody stool and abdominal lump. Total resection (n=10) was performed and postoperative chemotherapy (n=1) offered. And one child underwent biopsy plus postoperative chemotherapy. The follow-up period was (6-60) months until December 2022. Nine children were cured and 2 cases survived with tumors. One child recurred at 2 years post-operation. Conclusions The incidence of gastrointestinal IMT in children is rare. Surgery is a preferred option. Proper managements of recurrent and refractory IMT require extensive experiences and further researches.
Key words: Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue    Gastrointestinal Neoplasms    Inflammation    Diagnosis    Therapy    Prognosis    Child    

炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, IMT)是一种以肌成纤维细胞梭形细胞增生、浆细胞和(或)淋巴细胞明显浸润为特征的间充质肿瘤[1]。常见于肺、腹膜、肠系膜以及头颈部等,病变累及胃肠道少见[2-3]。因其发病率低,影像学及临床表现缺乏特异性,常易误诊或延误诊断,或仅于急诊手术中被发现。部分IMT具有难治性、复发性和侵袭性特点[1, 4]。本研究通过回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院普外科收治的11例胃肠道IMT患儿临床资料,结合文献总结该病的临床特征、诊断及治疗进展,以提高临床医师对该病的诊治能力。

资料与方法 一、研究对象

2010年1月至2021年12月本院共收治胃肠道IMT患儿11例,其中男7例、女4例,发病年龄8个月至15岁,中位发病年龄4岁8个月。主要以腹痛、腹胀、呕吐、发热、血便及腹部肿物等症状就诊。本研究通过湖南省儿童医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(HCHLL—2023—164),患儿监护人均知情同意并签署知情同意书。

二、术前肿瘤标志物与影像学检查情况

11例患儿神经元特异性希醇化酶(neuron specific enolase, NSE)和甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein, AFP)等肿瘤标志物检查均无异常。CT或MRI影像学检查显示病变涉及胃、十二指肠至直肠各段肠管,回盲部的IMT病灶弥漫性浸润明显,边界不清楚,且肠腔狭窄;合并肠套叠的IMT肠管呈层状、环状强化改变;结直肠的IMT为累及肠管内外的单发病灶,肠壁呈环形增厚,均匀强化明显。2例电子结肠镜检查见肠腔内突出肿物(肿瘤基底直径>3 cm),肠镜下难以切除。炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患儿影像学及肠镜检查典型照片见图 1


图 1 炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患儿CT平扫+增强及肠镜检查影像 Fig.1 Imaging and colonoscopic images of IMT children   A:胃、十二指肠连接部IMT;B:回盲部IMT;C:空肠-回肠交界部IMT;D:直肠IMT;E:肠镜下见直肠-乙状结肠交界部肠腔内肿物;IMT:炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤
三、观察指标

观察患儿治疗情况、治疗结局以及随访情况。随访时间为6~60个月,随访时间节点分别为术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年、2年和5年,采用电话及门诊方式随访。随访时检查以腹部B超及MRI等为主,观察腹部伤口愈合情况,有无腹痛、呕吐、发热及有无肿瘤复发与转移等。免疫组化标志物检查指标包括间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK)、平滑肌肌动蛋白(smooth muscle actin, SMA)、S-100、波形蛋白(vimentin)、增殖细胞核抗原(Ki-67)、结蛋白(dsemin)、CD34以及CK蛋白。

结果

11例患儿中,10例经一期手术完整切除肿瘤,其中1例术后予化疗;1例经活检确诊后未手术仅予化疗。手术时间(120±65)min,术中出血量(65±17)mL,肿瘤重量(203±45)g。11例患儿性别、年龄、临床表现、肿瘤位置、治疗方式、复发或转移、随访时间及预后情况见表 1

表 1 11例胃肠道炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患儿临床特征、治疗方式及预后 Table 1 Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of 11 children with abdominal gastrointestinal IMT

术后病理检查结果:大体标本见肿块呈椭圆或不规则分叶外观,切面呈灰白或灰黄色,外观呈囊状或束状纤维组织状;镜下见梭形细胞增生,呈编织状或席纹状,伴大量炎性细胞浸润,或玻璃样变或局灶出血。免疫组化标志物检查结果显示:ALK阳性8例,SMA阳性5例,vimentin阳性9例,desmin阳性5例。大体标本及部分病理检查结果见图 2;1例直肠IMT患儿(病例5)检测出TPM4-ALK融合,见图 3


图 2 1例炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患儿大体标本、病理及免疫组化结果 Fig.2 Gross specimen and pathological immunohistochemistry of IMT children   A:手术大体标本图;B:镜下见梭形细胞增生呈编织状或席纹状,伴有大量炎性细胞浸润(HE染色,×100);C:平滑肌肌动蛋白(局灶+)(HE染色,×100);D:间变性淋巴瘤激酶(+)(HE染色,×100);E:增殖细胞核抗原(5%)(HE染色,×100);IMT:炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤


图 3 1例直肠炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤TPM4-ALK融合基因IGV截图及TPM4-ALK融合基因示意图 Fig.3 TPM4-ALK Schematic diagram of fusion genes; TPM4-ALK Screenshot of IGV fusion gene   A:TPM4-ALK融合基因IGV截图;B:TPM4-ALK融合基因示意图;IGV:综合性基因组学可视化工具
讨论

IMT于1939年由Brunn等[2]首次报道,已被证实为一种真性肿瘤。2002年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)将IMT归类为中度恶性、少数可转移的肿瘤性病变,此后IMT被视为一种独立疾病[5]。研究发现,IMT的发生与2p23染色体的ALK基因异位相关;也可由感染性疾病、异常修复、EB(Epstein-Barr, EB)病毒或特殊细菌感染、术后过度炎症反应、其他恶性肿瘤或自身免疫性疾病引起[6-7]

IMT的人群患病率为0.04% ~0.7%,多见于儿童及青少年,无明显性别差异。本研究纳入的11例中,男7例、女4例,发病年龄8个月至15岁,中位发病年龄4岁8个月,主要以腹痛、呕吐、发热、血便及腹部肿物就诊。患儿临床症状与肿瘤占位效应及炎症浸润密切相关,并因解剖位置而异[2-3]。在胃肠道以回盲部及回肠末端多见。本组病例中,胃十二指肠IMT患儿常表现为饱腹感、呕吐;空回肠IMT患儿常以腹痛、腹胀或并发肠套叠、肠梗阻就诊;结直肠部IMT常表现为下腹疼痛、腹胀以及腹泻、大便带血等。此外,胃肠道IMT还可出现消瘦、发热、贫血等全身症状[4, 8]

约20%的IMT患儿实验室检查发现白细胞、C反应蛋白、血沉等炎症指标升高[9-10]。虽然IMT患儿彩超及影像学检查结果无特异性,但仍然是十分必要的辅助检查[11]。本研究中,回盲部IMT患儿CT检查提示病灶弥漫性浸润明显,病灶边界不清楚,肠腔狭窄;发生肠套叠的IMT患儿CT检查见管壁呈层状、环状不均匀强化改变;结肠、直肠IMT检查提示累及肠管内外单发病灶,肠壁呈环形增厚,不均匀强化。因此在研判影像学等辅助检查结果时,如发现边界不清楚、不均匀强化及有明显侵犯邻近组织的软组织肿块,结合临床表现及实验室检查等,需考虑到IMT可能,但最终诊断仍依赖于病理检查结果[12]

病理检查是确诊IMT的金标准,其主要特征性改变为梭形肌纤维母细胞伴炎症细胞浸润,间质水肿黏液变[4];病理组织中发现有肌样细胞间质、巨噬细胞和神经节样细胞、肿瘤脉管侵犯以及切缘浸润的IMT常提示预后不良[13-14]。免疫组化常出现ALK、Vimentin、Dsemin、SMA阳性。上皮样炎性肌纤维母细胞肉瘤(epithelioid inflammatory myofibroblastic sarcoma, eIMS)IMT的一个罕见病理亚型,临床表现为高度侵袭性生物学行为和高复发致死率。1例IMT患儿复发可能与Ki-67、ALK活性存在相关性,该患儿Ki-67增值指数为25%、ALK(3+),为本组中最高水平。但本研究样本量较小,Ki-67、ALK(3+)是否与IMT复发及预后相关,还需要多中心大样本量研究进一步验证。Chan等[15]纳入61例IMT患儿并进行长达10年的随访,发现IMT中ALK(+)常提示预后良好;但Coffin等[16]认为ALK(+)与IMT局部复发有关。也有研究发现有远处转移的患儿ALK(-),认为ALK(-)的患儿更容易发生远处转移[17]

目前普遍认为IMT的发生与2p23染色体ALK基因易位有关,易位致使ALK与不同基因融合,从而形成致癌融合基因[6]。目前已知的RANBP2-ALK突变型eIMS肿瘤呈上皮样形态,侵袭性较强,预后差[18]ALK常见的融合基因有NPMIKIF5BTPM3TPM4CLTCCARSRANBP2ATIC[19]ROS1RETNTRKI/3IGFIR基因重排在IMT中亦有报道[19]。不同部位IMT肿瘤基因突变类型和融合基因不同:在腹部IMTs中RANBP2CLTC基因的ALK融合发生率明显高于其他脏器;肺IMTROS1重排更具特征性;NTRK3PDGFRb融合仅在胸椎IMT中检测到[20]。采用荧光原位杂交检测(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)以及二代基因测序(next generation sequencing, NGS)新技术检测有无ALK重排及融合基因,对于判断IMT患儿预后、有无肿瘤复发转移等尤为重要。本组病例使用ALK分离探针,2例检出ALK基因重排,但并未接受靶向免疫治疗。因此,对于有条件的患者、诊断有争议的病例、复发性IMT以及考虑为eIMS者建议进一步行NGS检测。

儿童IMT多为良性病变,少数具有恶性潜能。手术完整切除是影响IMT预后的独立危险因素,放化疗在部分病例中初见成效[17, 21]。难以手术完整切除、多发转移的IMT及eIMS患儿可考虑新辅助化疗、术后放化疗及腹腔热灌注化疗(hyperthemic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, HIPEC)等治疗[17]。2020年欧洲儿童软组织肉瘤学会组(European pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study Group, EpSSG)指出:对于无法切除的肿瘤,化疗仍然是一种有效的选择,总体有效率可达64%[22]。目前化疗方案采取EpSSG推荐的以蒽环类/异环磷酰胺为基础,或甲氨蝶呤和长春瑞滨/长春碱为基础的化疗方案[22]。前期研究中也有抗感染或激素治疗有效的报道,但在停止用药后出现疾病进展[23]。2010年ALK抑制剂克唑替尼治疗IMT的效果得到认可,其在IMT患儿中的安全性与疗效也被证实,但有研究人员发现ALK耐药性突变、克唑替尼治疗失败的病例[24-26]。虽然目前尚无关于耐药患者二线和挽救治疗的共识,但有研究发现第二代ALK抑制剂色瑞替尼对挽救克唑替尼治疗失败或耐药的IMT患儿有效,甚至有完全缓解的个案报道[25, 27]。在2/3的ALK阴性、伴转移和(或)复发的IMT中可检测到PD-L表达,有研究认为针对PD-Lι的靶点治疗可能对上述IMT患者有效[28]。也有报道ALK抑制剂和维布妥昔单抗(一种单克隆CD30抗体)联合靶向治疗eIMS患者的生存期显著提高,但目前国际上仍未就IMT的最优治疗方案达成共识[29]

综上所述,IMT是一类罕见间叶源性肿瘤,手术是IMT的主要治疗手段,目前临床已证实ALK抑制剂和新辅助化疗等对IMT患儿有效,但其对复发难治性IMT患儿的疗效还需通过更多前瞻性研究进行评估(尤其是耐药性IMT的挽救治疗方案);免疫靶向药物治疗手段为IMT提供了许多新思路,但仍面临诸多挑战。

利益冲突  所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明  刘登辉、黄召负责文献检索;刘登辉、黎明负责论文设计;唐湘莲、向强兴负责数据收集与分析;刘登辉、周宇翔负责论文结果撰写和讨论分析;李勇负责对文章知识性内容进行审阅

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