临床小儿外科杂志  2023, Vol. 22 Issue (11): 1082-1085  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202203064-015

引用本文  

唐文锋, 何秋明, 钟微, 等. 新生儿膈疝术后ECMO支持下治疗腹腔间隔室综合征[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2023, 22(11): 1082-1085.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202203064-015
Tang WF, He QM, Zhong W, et al. Treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support during neonatal diaphragmatic hernia surgery: one case report with a literature review[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2023, 22(11): 1082-1085.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202203064-015

基金项目

广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2020A151501318);广州市科技创新发展专项资金项目(202102080511)

通信作者

何秋明, Email: qiuminghe@foxmail.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-05-21
新生儿膈疝术后ECMO支持下治疗腹腔间隔室综合征
唐文锋 , 何秋明 , 钟微 , 吕俊健 , 林土连 , 侯龙龙 , 谢晓丽     
广州市妇女儿童医疗中心新生儿外科监护室, 广州 510623
摘要目的 总结新生儿体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO)支持下行膈疝修补术后腹腔间隔室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome, ACS)的处理经验。方法 回顾性分析广州市妇女儿童医疗中心1例ECMO支持下行经腹膈疝修补术、术后发生ACS经使用切口保护器行开腹减压术成功救治的患儿临床资料。以"congenital diaphragmatic hernia"、"extracorporeal membrane oxygenation"和"abdominal compartment syndrome"为检索词检索Pubmed、Web of science数据库相关文献; 以"先天性膈疝"、"体外膜肺氧合"和"腹腔间隔室综合征"为检索词检索万方医学网、中华医学期刊网及中国知网相关文献; 剔除重复病例后进行文献复习, 总结新生儿于ECMO下行膈疝修补术后ACS的诊治方法。结果 本例患儿于孕中期产检发现胎儿左侧膈疝, 产前评估为重度肺发育不良。于39+6周剖宫产娩出, 生后收入新生儿外科监护室。因呼吸不能维持, 于生后第19小时行ECMO支持, 生后第2天在ECMO支持下行经腹膈疝修补术。术后第4天出现ACS经保守治疗无效后于监护室床旁行开腹减压术, 术中应用切口保护器保持腹腔开放取得良好效果。开腹减压术后第3天撤离ECMO, 第5天关腹, 生后第38天痊愈出院, 随访至术后4个月无膈疝复发。共检索到相关文献16篇(共报道53例ACS患者), 均为英文文献, 其中4篇报道了CDH术后合并ACS共6例, 其中4例行开腹减压术治疗; 另外12篇报道了ECMO术后发生ACS共47例, 其中37例行开腹减压术治疗。结论 开腹减压术是新生儿于ECMO支持下行膈疝修补术、术后发生ACS的有效外科治疗手段, 切口保护器应用于新生儿开腹减压术效果良好, 值得推广。
关键词先天性膈疝    体外膜肺氧合    外科手术    儿童    
Treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support during neonatal diaphragmatic hernia surgery: one case report with a literature review
Tang Wenfeng , He Qiuming , Zhong Wei , Lu Junjian , Lin Tulian , Hou Longlong , Xie Xiaoli     
Neonatal Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Municipal Women & Children Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
Abstract: Objective To summarize the experiences of diagnosing and treating abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) after patch repairing of neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) under extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Methods Retrospective reviews were conducted for the clinical data of ACS neonates due to CDH undergoing patch repairing under ECMO. Management and surgical procedure of ACS were systematically summarized. The databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Wanfang, China Academic Journals (CAJ) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched with such keywords as "congenital diaphragmatic hernia", "extracorporeal membrane oxygenation" and "abdominal compartment syndrome". Duplicate literatures were excluded and managements of ACS after patch repairing of neonatal CDH under ECMO summarized. Results One fetus with left-side CDH ultrasonically detected in second trimester was diagnosed as severe pulmonary hypoplasia. He was transferred immediately into our unit after a delivery by cesarean section at 39+6 weeks. ECMO support was provided after 19-hour mechanical ventilation and laparotomy patch repair of CDH was performed at 2 days post-birth. ACS was detected and treated with decompressive laparotomy (DL) at 4 days after repairing CDH. And a wound protector was utilized for keeping abdominal open during DL. ECMO was withdrawn at Day 3 and abdominal closure occurred at Day 5 post-DL. He was discharged at Day 38 post-birth. No recurrence occurred during a follow-up period of 4 months. A total of 16 English literature reports were reviewed. Four reports described 6 cases of CDH with postoperative ACS and 4 of them underwent DL. While another 12 reports examined 47 cases ACS under ECMO support and 37 of them underwent DL. Conclusions DL is effective for ACS during patch repair of neonatal CDH under ECMO. And wound protector is recommended for DL in neonates.
Key words: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia    Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation    Surgical Procedures, Operative    Child    

腹腔间隔室综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)是膈疝手术后少见的并发症,文献报道其发生率低于1%,且以右侧膈疝多见[1]。但是近年来随着ECMO技术的开展,越来越多的中、重度膈疝患儿在ECMO支持下进行膈疝修补术,术后出血、肠管水肿等因素增加了ACS的发生风险。本文回顾性分析广州市妇女儿童医疗中心1例于ECMO支持下行经腹膈疝修补术、术后发生ACS经使用切口保护器行开腹减压术获成功救治的患儿临床资料经验,旨在探讨新生儿膈疝修补术后ACS的早期识别与处理方法。

病例资料 一、本例患儿临床资料

患儿于孕中期(孕19周)发现左侧膈疝,后转入本院胎儿医学中心进行程序化管理,产前综合评估为重度肺发育不良。孕39+6周因“胎心减慢”于本院剖宫产娩出,男性,出生体重2 900 g,生后产房内即予气管插管,接呼吸机转运至新生儿外科监护室。本研究经广州市妇女儿童医疗中心伦理委员会审批通过(穗妇儿科伦通字[2020]第06000号),患儿家属知情同意。

入室后予监测导管前、后血氧饱和度,建立脐静脉置管及外周静脉通路,有创动脉血压监测,胸腹平片提示左侧膈疝,B超提示疝入物为脾脏、胃泡、部分肝与部分肠道,心脏彩超提示动脉导管未闭(右向左分流)、肺动脉高压。高频振荡通气(high-freguency oscillatory ventilation,HFOV)(吸氧浓度100%)辅助下导管后氧饱和度50%~70%,氧合指数>40持续超过4 h,符合ECMO应用指征。于出生后第19小时行ECMO支持。第2天患儿呼吸、循环稳定,符合我科制定的ECMO支持下膈疝修补手术时机,于ECMO支持下行经腹膈肌补片修补术[2]。手术采用左侧肋缘下切口长约8 cm,术中见膈肌巨大缺损约6.0 cm×5.0 cm×4.5 cm,予牛心包补片修补。关腹前腹部张力不高、术中未测膀胱压,术中同时留置胸、腹腔引流管各1条。术后前3天腹腔每日引流量10~30 mL,胸腔每日引流量100~150 mL,术后第4天胸腔引流量明显增加,达230 mL。腹胀逐渐加重,ECMO流量反复下降,输注大量红细胞悬液后不能维持ECMO平稳运行,伴管道内多发血栓形成,考虑管道急性弥漫性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascula rcoagulation,DIC),予更换管道。更换膜肺及管道后ECMO流量及血压逐渐稳定,但5 h后再次出现ECMO流量反复下降,床旁B超提示胸腹腔大量积液,伴引流不畅。患儿腹胀愈发明显,伴双下肢淤血、无尿,测膀胱压33 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),结合床旁心脏彩超排除管道位置异常、心脏填塞等因素后,诊断为腹腔间隔室综合征。经充分镇静、镇痛、肌松等对症处理膀胱压未下降,遂紧急行床旁开腹减压术。患儿取仰卧位,经脐旁左侧取长约5 cm横切口进入腹腔,见腹腔内大量血凝块,吸尽腹腔积血后见补片与膈肌残嵴缝合处有渗血,但无法有效止血,以温生理盐水冲洗腹腔后经切口放置50 mm切口保护器,腹腔外露部分约5 cm,顶端用丝线结扎后以无菌纱布及棉垫覆盖、保护切口,将腹腔暂时开放并留置腹腔引流管1条。术后患儿ECMO流量恢复稳定,腹胀缓解,腹壁及下肢淤血消失,小便恢复至2 mL·kg-1·h-1以上,但腹部切口每日渗血量达800~1 500 mL,于开腹减压术后第3天撤离ECMO后出血逐渐停止,于术后第5天再次手术关闭腹腔;生后第38天时痊愈出院;术后4个月随访患儿生长发育良好,复查胸腹平片未见膈疝复发。

二、文献检索情况

截止日期2021年12月,以“先天性膈疝+腹腔间隔室综合征”、“体外膜肺氧合+腹腔间隔室综合征”为检索词检索万方医学网、中华医学期刊数网据库及中国知网数据库,未检索到中文相关文献。以“congenital diaphragmatic hernia + abdominal compartment syndrome”为检索词检索到4篇英文文献,共报道了6例膈疝手术后腹腔间隔室综合征,其中4例行开腹减压术,术后应用真空装置闭合皮肤3例(表 1)。以“abdominal compartment syndrome + extracorporeal membrane oxygenation”检索到文献12篇,报道ECMO合并ACS共47例,均为儿童或成人病例。其中37例行开腹减压术(表 2),6例行腹腔引流,1例行结肠镜辅助水灌肠,5例行保守治疗。

表 1 CDH术后合并ACS文献汇总 Table 1 Review of the literatures of ACS After patch repair of CDH

表 2 ECMO运行下ACS行开腹减压术文献汇总 Table 2 Review the literatures of DL for ACS due to ECMO
讨论

世界腹腔间隔室综合征联合会(world society of the abdominal compartment syndrome,WSACS)对于成人ACS有明确的定义,即腹内压持续大于20 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)并有新发腹腔脏器功能不全或衰竭,但对于新生儿ACS的诊断尚无统一标准[15]。有文献报道新生儿在膀胱压低于20 mmHg时即有可能发生ACS,因此新生儿诊断ACS不应过分强调膀胱压,更应注重临床症状[16]。在ECMO运行下发生ACS的临床表现,除了持续腹胀、少尿、低血压和下肢淤血以外,更早期的表现往往是ECMO运行时频繁出现流量下降。本例患儿最初亦表现为ECMO流量反复下降,胸腔引流增加、提示出血,经积极处理后腹胀仍进行性加重,伴无尿、双下肢严重淤血。

ECMO支持下ACS的发生机制通常包括腹腔渗漏综合征、大量腹水、肠管水肿、腹腔出血等。在临床诊断ACS后可先通过充分镇静、肌松、胃肠减压、留置肛管等方法缓解腹腔压力。进一步明确诱因后可针对性采用抗感染、利尿、限制液体入量、维持胶体渗透压、改善凝血功能等方法进行保守治疗。若保守治疗无效,则可行床旁超声明确有无大量腹水及肠管扩张积液。若B超提示腹水,则可行床旁腹腔穿刺、置管持续引流。根据文献报道,采用放置腹腔引流管对腹腔渗漏、大量腹水所致的ACS可能有效,但对于腹腔出血的患儿则可能因为引流不畅而影响效果[12, 16]。对于肠管扩张积液的患儿,亦有文献报道可采用经肠镜、直视下结肠灌洗的方法进行腹腔减压[17]

对于以上方法无效的患儿,开腹减压术是最佳选择。开腹减压术减压效果确切,但最大的缺点在于创伤大,对于ECMO支持下的患者进行开腹减压术最大的风险在于不可控制的出血。对于开腹减压的方式,文献报道主要有采用真空装置包扎切口、缝合皮肤但保持筋膜层开放、缝合皮肤+筋膜补片、置入Silo袋等方式[3]。值得一提的是,对于术后出血要有充分的准备,部分患者可能因为术后出血无法停止且短期内又不能撤离ECMO而死亡,这是区别于非ECMO运行下进行开腹减压术的特别之处。

综上所述,新生儿膈疝手术后ECMO支持下反复出现流量下降伴有进行性腹胀的患儿应该高度警惕ACS,及时进行膀胱压监测以利于早期诊断。开腹减压术是ACS最有效的外科治疗手段,切口保护器应用于新生儿开腹减压术效果良好。

利益冲突  所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明  唐文锋、何秋明负责研究的设计、实施和起草文章;唐文锋、林土连、侯龙龙、谢晓丽进行病例数据收集及分析;唐文锋、何秋明、钟微负责研究设计与酝酿,并对文章知识性内容进行审阅

参考文献
[1]
Maxwell D, Baird R, Puligandla P. Abdominal wall closure in neonates after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 2013, 48(5): 930-934. DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.02.008
[2]
何秋明, 钟微, 王哲, 等. 体外膜肺氧合下先天性膈疝的围术期管理[J]. 中华新生儿科杂志(中英文), 2019, 34(5): 363-366.
He QM, Zhong W, Wang Z, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: perioperative management of 4 cases on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Chin J Neonatol, 2019, 34(5): 363-366. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2096-2932.2019.05.009
[3]
Fenton SJ, Dodgion CM, Meyers RL, et al. Temporary abdominal vacuum-packing closure in the neonatal intensive care unit[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 2007, 42(6): 957-961. DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.01.029
[4]
Dalencourt G, Katlic MR. Abdominal compartment syndrome after late repair of bochdalek hernia[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006, 82(2): 721-722. DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.11.055
[5]
Panagiotis H, Panagiotis D, Nikolaos A, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome post-late Bochdalek hernia repair: a case report[J]. Cases J, 2008, 1(1): 199. DOI:10.1186/1757-1626-1-199
[6]
Suzuki T, Okamoto T, Hanyu K, et al. Repair of bochdalek hernia in an adult complicated by abdominal compartment syndrome, gastropleural fistula and pleural empyema: report of a case[J]. Int J Surg Case Rep, 2014, 5(2): 82-85. DOI:10.1016/j.ijscr.2013.12.018
[7]
Brown J, Warnock B, Turk E, et al. Open abdomen during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a safe and effective treatment for abdominal compartment syndrome[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 2022, 57(9): 216-222. DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.11.020
[8]
Glowka TR, Schewe JC, Muenster S, et al. Decompressive laparotomy for the treatment of the abdominal compartment syndrome during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support[J]. J Crit Care, 2018, 47: 274-279. DOI:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.07.024
[9]
Boulos FM, Pasrija C, DiChiacchio L, et al. Early decompressive laparotomy for intra-abdominal hypertension following initiation of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. ASAIO J, 2020, 66(5): 520-523. DOI:10.1097/MAT.0000000000001045
[10]
Rollins MD, Deamorim-Filho J, Scaife ER, et al. Decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome in children on ECMO: effect on support and survival[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 2013, 48(7): 1509-1513. DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.10.052
[11]
Weiss GM, Fandrick AD, Sidebotham D. Successful rescue of an adult with refractory anaphylactic shock and abdominal compartment syndrome with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and bedside laparotomy[J]. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2015, 19(1): 66-70. DOI:10.1177/1089253214564192
[12]
Lam MCW, Yang PT, Skippen PW, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome complicating paediatric extracorporeal life support: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges[J]. Anaesth Intensive Care, 2008, 36(5): 726-731. DOI:10.1177/0310057X0803600517
[13]
Augustin P, Lasocki S, Dufour G, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome due to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults[J]. Ann Thorac Surg, 2010, 90(3): e40-e41. DOI:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.06.039
[14]
Nishi H, Toda K, Miyagawa S, et al. Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome required decompression laparotomy during minimally invasive mitral valve repair[J]. Surg Case Rep, 2016, 2(1): 3. DOI:10.1186/s40792-015-0078-5
[15]
江利冰, 张茂, 马岳峰. 腹腔高压和腹腔间隔室综合征诊疗指南(2013版)[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2013, 22(8): 839-841.
Jiang LB, Zhang M, Ma YF. Diagnosis and treatment guidelines for abdominal hypertension and abdominal septal syndrome (2013 edition)[J]. Chin J Emerg Med, 2013, 22(8): 839-841. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2013.08.006
[16]
Prodhan P, Imamura M, Garcia X, et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome in newborns and children supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. ASAIO J, 2012, 58(2): 143-147. DOI:10.1097/MAT.0b013e318241ac4c
[17]
Martucci G, Amata M, di Francesco F, et al. Management of intra-abdominal hypertension during ECMO: total water-assisted colonoscopy as a step-up minimally invasive treatment, and a literature review[J]. Endosc Int Open, 2021, 9(6): E848-E852. DOI:10.1055/a-1399-8209