临床小儿外科杂志  2023, Vol. 22 Issue (3): 244-248  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202212005-008

引用本文  

吴晓霞, 刘文跃, 孙雪, 等. 胆道闭锁患儿Kasai手术后频发胆管炎的危险因素及预后分析[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2023, 22(3): 244-248.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202212005-008
Wu XX, Liu WY, Sun X, et al. Risk factors and prognosis of recurrent cholangitis after Kasai in biliary atresia patients[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2023, 22(3): 244-248.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202212005-008

基金项目

山西省卫生健康委课题(2022074), 山西省儿童医院院内课题(2021027)

通信作者

任红霞, Email: renhongxia100@sina.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-12-03
胆道闭锁患儿Kasai手术后频发胆管炎的危险因素及预后分析
吴晓霞 , 刘文跃 , 孙雪 , 靳园园 , 任红霞     
山西省儿童医院儿外科, 太原 030000
摘要目的 探讨胆道闭锁(biliary atresia, BA)患儿Kasai手术后频发胆管炎的危险因素及预后。方法 回顾性分析山西省儿童医院2018年1月至2021年9月因BA行Kasai手术后合并胆管炎患儿的临床资料和随访资料, 根据患儿6个月内胆管炎发作次数是否≥3次分为频发胆管炎组和偶发胆管炎组, 比较两组性别分布、术前身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、术前巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus, CMV)感染、行Kasai手术年龄、肝纤维化分级、术前及术后2周肝功能指标和早期胆管炎发生情况, 采用Cox回归分析筛选频发胆管炎的危险因素, 并比较两组患儿术后黄疸清除(jaundice clearance, JC)率及自体肝生存率。结果 本研究共纳入60例因BA行Kasai手术后发生胆管炎患儿, 其中频发胆管炎组20例, 偶发胆管炎组40例, 两组患儿性别、术前BMI指数、术前CMV感染、Kasai手术年龄和肝纤维化分级比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。频发胆管炎组术前总胆汁酸水平显著低于偶发胆管炎组(Z=-2.070, P<0.05)。两组患儿术前丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)[(169.47±93.53)比(173.96±96.25) U/L]、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate trans-aminase, AST)[242.50(169.68, 296.13)比244.50(148.50, 297.00) U/L]、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(gamma-glutamyl transferase, GGT)[572.00(310.75, 895.75)比388.00(245.50, 695.25) U/L]、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)[(219.61±73.08)比(207.38±58.63)μmol/L]、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)[122.70(104.50, 163.25)比116.70(81.42, 158.35)μmol/L]和白蛋白(albumin, Alb)[(36.27±2.91)比(37.88±4.90) g/L]水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患儿术后2周ALT[(211.23±144.87)比(229.87±104.76) U/L]、AST[162.50(108.17, 225.75)比196.50(160.75, 235.43) U/L]、GGT[(742.85±438.09)比(584.05±385.31) U/L]、TBIL[136.20(86.05, 190.23)比145.50(95.73, 213.90)μmol/L]、DBIL[79.85(60.88, 122.83)比90.00(61.30, 129.30)μmol/L]和Alb[(37.92±5.55)比(39.22±4.55) g/L]水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。频发胆管炎组早期胆管炎发生率显著高于偶发胆管炎组, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.909, P<0.05)。Cox回归分析结果显示, 早期胆管炎是BA患儿Kasai手术后频发胆管炎的危险因素(HR=4.947, 95%CI: 1.754~13.948, P<0.05)。频发胆管炎组术后3个月、6个月JC率低于偶发胆管炎组, 但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 频发胆管炎组术后12个月JC率显著低于偶发胆管炎组, 差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.179, P<0.05)。两组术后1年自肝生存率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 早期胆管炎是BA Kasai手术后频发胆管炎的独立危险因素, 频发胆管炎会影响手术后黄疸清除。
关键词胆道闭锁    胆管炎    预后    影响因素分析    
Risk factors and prognosis of recurrent cholangitis after Kasai in biliary atresia patients
Wu Xiaoxia , Liu Wenyue , Sun Xue , Jin Yuanyuan , Ren Hongxia     
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the risk factors and outcomes of recurrent cholangitis after Kasai in biliary atresia (BA) patients. Methods Retrospective review was conducted for clinical and follow-up data of 60 BA children with cholangitis after Kasai procedure from January 2018 to September 2021.According to whether the frequency of cholangitis episodes was more than or equal to 3 times in half a year, they were divided into two groups of recurrent cholangitis (n=20) and occasional cholangitis (n=40).Gender, preoperative body mass index (BMI), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, age at Kasai surgery, liver fibrosis grade, serum levels of liver function parameters at preoperation and Day 14 postoperation and the occurrence of early cholangitis were compared between two groups.Cox regression analysis was performed for estimating the risk factors of recurrent cholangitis.Postoperative jaundice clearance (JC) rate and postoperative native liver survival rate were also compared between two groups. Results No significant differences existed in gender, preoperative BMI, CMV infection, age at Kasai or liver fibrosis grade (P>0.05).Serum total bile acid level at preoperation was significantly lower in recurrent cholangitis group than that in occasional cholangitis group (Z=-2.070, P < 0.05).Alanine transaminase(ALT)[(169.47±93.53)U/L], Aspartate trans aminase(AST)[(173.96±96.25)U/L], [242.50(169.68, 296.13)ratio 244.50(148.50, 297.00)U/L], gamma-glutamyl transferase(GGT)[572.00(310.75, 895.75)than 388.00(245.50, 695.25)U/L], total bilirubin, (219.61±73.08)ratio(207.38±58.63)μmol/L), direct bilirubin(DBIL)ratio(122.70(104.50, 163.25)ratio 116.70(81.42, 158.35)μmol/L]and albumin, Alb[(36.27±2.91)vs.(37.88±4.90)g/L]at preoperation between 2 groups had no significant difference(P>0.05).ALT[(211.23±144.87)to(229.87±104.76)U/L]and AST[162.50(108.17, 225.75)to 196.50(160.75, 235.43)U/L], GGT[(742.85±438.09)vs.(584.05±385.31)U/L], TBIL[136.20(86.05, 190.23)vs.145.50(95.73, 213.90)μmol/L], DBIL[79.85(60.88, 122.83)vs.90.00(61.30, 129.30)μmol/L]and Alb[(37.92±5.55)vs.(39.22±4.55)g/L]at day 14 postoperation between 2 groups were not significantly different(P>0.05).The incidence of early cholangitis was significantly higher in recurrent cholangitis group than that in occasional cholangitis group (χ2=9.909, P < 0.05).Cox regression analysis revealed that early cholangitis was risk factor for recurrent cholangitis; JC rate of recurrent cholangitis group was lower than that of occasional cholangitis group at Month 3/6 postoperation.However, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).JC rate at Month 12 postoperation was significantly lower in recurrent cholangitis group than that in occasional cholangitis group (χ2=5.179, P < 0.05).No significant inter-group difference existed in native liver survival rate at 1 year postoperation (P>0.05). Conclusion Early cholangitis is an independent risk factor for recurrent cholangitis after Kasai in BA children.And recurrent cholangitis affects the postoperative jaundice clearance.
Key words: Biliary Atresia    Cholangitis    Prognosis    Root Cause Analysis    

胆道闭锁(biliary atresia, BA)是导致新生儿胆汁淤积的常见疾病之一,以肝内外胆道系统梗阻和肝纤维化为特征。Kasai肝门空肠吻合术(后文简称为Kasai手术)作为首选治疗手段,尽管可以恢复部分患儿的胆汁引流,但仍有50% ~80%的患儿术后需要通过肝移植才能获得长期生存[1-3]。胆管炎是Kasai手术后常见并发症,发生率达60%以上,多发生于术后第1年[4-6]。研究表明,Kasai手术后的胆管炎与黄疸消退延迟、自体肝生存时间短等不良预后有关[7-9]。胆管炎反复发作可能加速肝损伤和肝纤维化进程[4, 7-8]。目前国内外关于Kasai手术后频发胆管炎的危险因素报道甚少,本文通过回顾性分析单中心BA行Kasai手术后胆管炎患儿的临床资料,以分析频发胆管炎的危险因素及其对BA患儿预后的影响,为降低Kasai手术后频发胆管炎的发病率、改善预后提供参考。

资料与方法 一、研究对象

研究对象为2018年1月至2021年9月山西省儿童医院新生儿外科诊治的因BA行Kasai手术且术后1年内发生胆管炎的患儿。排除标准:①BA患儿未行Kasai手术者;②术后1年内未发生胆管炎者;③临床资料及随访资料不全者。

二、相关定义、分组及观察指标

胆管炎定义参照胆道闭锁Kasai手术后胆管炎诊疗专家共识(2022版)[10]。偶发胆管炎定义为6个月内胆管炎发作次数<3次,频发胆管炎定义为6个月内发作次数≥3次;难治性胆管炎定义为使用抗生素治疗3 d无好转和(或)治疗持续时间≥4周;早发胆管炎定义为术后1个月内发生胆管炎;黄疸清除(jaundice clearance, JC)定义为总胆红素水平低于20 μmol/L[10]。随访终点设定为患儿死亡、肝移植日期或随访截止日期(2022年9月30日)。

根据患儿半年内胆管炎发作次数是否≥3次分为频发胆管炎组和偶发胆管炎组,比较两组患儿性别、行Kasai手术时年龄、术前身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、术前巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus, CMV)感染情况、Ohkuma's肝纤维化分级、术前及术后2周肝功能指标以及术后早期胆管炎发生情况。比较两组Kasai手术后黄疸消除情况及Kasai手术后1年自体肝生存情况。肝功能指标包括:丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、天冬氨酸转肽酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)、γ-谷氨酰转氨酶(gamma-glutamyl transferase, GGT)、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid, TBA)和白蛋白(albumin, Alb)。本研究经山西省儿童医院伦理委员会审核批准(IRB—KYYN—2021—001),患儿家属知情并签署知情同意书。

三、统计学处理

采用SPSS 25.0进行统计分析。计量资料根据是否服从正态分布分别选用x±sM(Q1Q3)描述,组间比较采用独立样本t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料采用频数、构成比描述,组间比较采用卡方检验。纳入单因素分析中P<0.1的所有变量建立Cox回归模型,筛选频发胆管炎的危险因素。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

结果 一、基本资料

本研究共纳入因BA行Kasai手术后发生胆管炎的患儿60例,其中频发胆管炎组40例,偶发胆管炎组20例。两组患儿性别、术前BMI、术前CMV感染、手术时日龄及Ohkuma's肝纤维化分级比例差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

二、单因素分析及Cox回归分析结果

频发胆管炎组患儿术前及术后2周ALT、AST、GGT、TBIL、DBIL、Alb水平及术后2周TBA水平与偶发胆管炎相比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 1。频发胆管炎组术前TBA水平显著低于偶发胆管炎组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.070,P<0.05)。频发胆管炎组患儿早期胆管炎发生率为70.00%(14/20),显著高于偶发胆管炎组(17/40,42.50%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.909,P<0.05)。频发胆管炎组患儿难治性胆管炎发生率与偶发胆管炎组相比,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.682, P>0.05)。Cox回归分析结果显示早期胆管炎是BA术后频发胆管炎的独立危险因素,见表 2

表 1 两组胆道闭锁患儿术前及术后2周肝功能指标比较 Table 1 Comparison of liver function parameters at preoperation and Day 14 postoperation between two groups

表 2 胆道闭锁Kasai手术后频发胆管炎危险因素Cox回归分析结果 Table 2 Cox regression analysis of risk factors of recurrent cholangitis
三、两组患儿黄疸清除和自体肝生存情况比较

频发胆管炎组术后3个月、6个月和12个月JC率均低于偶发胆管炎组,但术后3个月、6个月两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后12个月差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.179,P<0.05),见表 3;两组术后1年自体肝生存率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.012,P>0.05)。

表 3 两组胆道闭锁患儿术后黄疸清除及自体肝生存情况比较(例) Table 3 Comparison of postoperative jaundice clearance and native liver survival rate between two groups(n)
讨论

胆管炎是BA患儿行Kasai手术后常见且棘手的并发症,Kasai手术后胆管炎的防治方案包括延长肝支肠襻、设计抗反流瓣、预防性应用抗生素等,但均收效甚微,胆管炎的发生率一直居高不下。

本研究结果显示,早期胆管炎是BA术后频发胆管炎的独立危险因素。Liu等[6]研究同样显示频发胆管炎与早期胆管炎发病相关,而行Kasai手术时日龄偏大和手术时肝纤维化程度重是频发胆管炎的危险因素,本研究尚未发现行Kasai手术时日龄、手术时肝纤维化程度与频发胆管炎的发生存在相关性,究其原因,可能与病例数少和频发胆管炎的定义不同有关。Liu等[6]将术后6个月内胆管炎发作1次以上的患者纳入频发性胆管炎组。研究发现术后预防性静脉抗生素使用时间短可能导致早期胆管炎的发生,预防性静脉注射抗生素14天组患儿早期胆管炎发生率和发作次数均显著低于预防性静脉注射抗生素7 d组[6, 11]。然而本组患儿术后静脉滴注三代头孢类抗生素时间均不短于2周,仍有36.47%的患儿发生早期胆管炎,提示早期胆管炎的发生不仅仅与预防性静脉输注抗生素时间相关,更多相关因素尚有待进一步探索。如有研究显示CD8+细胞、CD45RO+细胞和Beclin1水平偏高是术后早期胆管炎的危险因素,而CD8及CD68表达水平偏高可能是频发胆管炎的危险因素,提示术后胆管炎可能与肝脏免疫微环境改变密切相关[12-13]

本研究发现频发胆管炎组患儿术前TBA水平显著低于偶发胆管炎组,而术后2周两组患儿TBA水平无显著差异,提示频发胆管炎组患儿术后2周TBA水平下降速度相对较慢,而偶发胆管炎组患儿术后2周TBA水平下降速度相对较快。胆汁酸在肝内蓄积是导致肝脏损伤的重要因素,Kasai手术后6个月黄疸清除的患儿中,血清TBA≤40 μmol/L者在儿童期较少发生门静脉高压症,且其10年累积肝移植/死亡的发生率显著低于血清TBA>40 μmol/L者,提示血清TBA是Kasai手术后黄疸清除患儿预后的生物学标志物,且回肠胆汁酸转运蛋白抑制剂作为BA抗胆汁淤积的治疗靶点,可能会减轻或延缓与肝毒性和胆汁酸蓄积相关的肝损伤[14-15]。因此胆汁酸在频发胆管炎发病机制中所扮演的角色尚需进一步探索。

黄疸清除率是BA行Kasai手术后评估手术效果的重要指标。Chusilp等[16]发现Kasai手术后7 d血清胆红素较术前下降幅度大于20%的患儿5年自体肝生存率明显高于下降幅度低于20%的患儿。Wang等[17]经过回顾性研究发现Kasai手术后任何时间TB<20 μmol/L者5年自体肝生存率显著高于Kasai手术后未能实现黄疸完全清除的患者。Nightingale等[18]发现术后3个月血清总胆红素大于74 μmol/L预测2年内死亡或需肝移植的灵敏度为81%、特异度为82%。而术后3个月TB>100 μmol/L应进行肝移植评估。术后早期黄疸清除不仅能够迅速缓解临床症状、减少胆管炎的发生,而且能够延长自体肝生存率。而如何提高Kasai手术后黄疸清除率,进而提高自体肝生存率是目前临床研究的热点。本研究显示部分患儿术后3个月黄疸仍有逐渐消退现象,但频发胆管炎组术后3个月和术后6个月黄疸清除率均略低于偶发胆管炎组,术后12个月黄疸清除率显著低于偶发胆管炎组,频发胆管炎组术后1年自体肝生存率略低于偶发胆管炎组,提示术后胆管炎反复发作可能导致胆汁引流不畅、术后黄疸清除延迟以及胆汁淤积引起进行性肝损伤和肝纤维化,继而影响自体肝生存时间。

本研究存在一定的局限性。因为本研究为回顾性研究,病例数量少,随访时间短,结果可能存在一定偏倚。频发胆管炎的危险因素及远期预后尚需进一步开展多中心、大样本的循证医学研究来验证。

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作者贡献声明  吴晓霞负责研究的设计、实施和起草文章;刘文跃、孙雪、靳园园进行病例数据收集及分析;任红霞负责对文章知识性内容进行审阅

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