临床小儿外科杂志  2023, Vol. 22 Issue (3): 225-231  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202210044-005

引用本文  

韩一江, 吴昊, 季浩森, 等. 胆道闭锁Kasai手术日龄与早期预后的关联性分析[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2023, 22(3): 225-231.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202210044-005
Han YJ, Wu H, Ji HS, et al. Correlation between age of Kasai portoenterostomy and early prognosis for biliary atresia[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2023, 22(3): 225-231.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202210044-005

基金项目

国家中心自主设计项目(S20C0004)

通信作者

钭金法, Email: toujinfa@zju.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-10-22
胆道闭锁Kasai手术日龄与早期预后的关联性分析
韩一江1 , 吴昊1 , 季浩森1 , 陈宝海2 , 胡书奇1 , 赵晓霞1 , 钭金法1     
1. 国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心 浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院新生儿外科, 杭州 310052;
2. 国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心 浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院信息中心, 杭州 310052
摘要目的 探讨胆道闭锁(biliary atresia, BA) Kasai手术日龄与早期预后的关联性, 为BA患儿Kasai手术时机提供参考。方法 采用回顾性研究方法, 收集2019年1月至2021年12月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的BA患儿临床资料, 包括一般资料(性别、手术时日龄)、肝功能、凝血功能及血氨指标。根据Kasai手术后3个月退黄情况分为未退黄组(n=47)和退黄组(n=66), 计算手术时日龄的cut-off值; 再根据此手术时日龄分为两组, 比较Kasai手术后3个月的预后指标, 包括碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)、术后DBIL/术前DBIL、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma-glutamyltransferase, GGT)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid, TBA)、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)、血小板计数(platelet count, PLT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶与血小板比值指数(aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, APRI)、国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio, INR)。结果 共收集病例113例, 男49例, 女64例; 手术日龄59.00(40.50, 69.00) d。对未退黄组和退黄组的各项术前指标进行单因素分析, 结果显示两组手术日龄[64(52, 79) d比55(33, 67) d]、AST[202.00(138.00, 332.00) U/L比147.50(100.00, 242.00) U/L]、间接胆红素(indirect bilirubin, IBIL)[(70.60±20.31)μmol/L比(79.96±27.13)μmol/L]、总蛋白(total protein, TP)[(55.88±6.59) g/L比(53.13±4.71) g/L]差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。将单因素分析中P<0.1的指标[手术时日龄、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、ALT、AST、IBIL、TP、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)]纳入Logistic回归分析, 结果显示手术时日龄(OR=0.974, 95%CI: 0.951~0.997, P=0.030)是Kasai手术后3个月退黄的独立影响因素。根据手术时日龄的cut-off值(46.5 d)分组, 比较Kasai手术后3个月各项指标, 结果显示手术时日龄≤46.5 d组的ALP[365.00(316.00, 514.75) U/L比492.00(343.00, 684.00) U/L]、ALT[(76.35±81.33) U/L比(134.09±97.45) U/L]、AST[67.50(41.50, 99.50) U/L比112.00(79.00, 168.00) U/L]、DBIL[2.55(1.78, 6.95)μmol/L比9.80(3.60, 36.80)μmol/L]、术后DBIL/术前DBIL[0.05(0.03, 0.09)比0.12(0.05, 0.54)]、TBA[45.50(25.93, 92.93)μmol/L比106.20(41.20, 187.50)μmol/L]、TBIL[9.65(6.98, 15.43)μmol/L比21.50(10.40, 66.90)μmol/L]及APRI[0.32(0.22, 0.48)比0.62(0.41, 0.93)]明显低于手术时日龄>46.5 d组, 差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 手术时日龄≤46.5 d组患儿早期预后指标较手术时日龄>46.5 d组更好, 尽早行Kasai手术可改善BA预后。
关键词胆道闭锁    预后    肝功能试验    手术日龄    
Correlation between age of Kasai portoenterostomy and early prognosis for biliary atresia
Han Yijiang1 , Wu Hao1 , Ji Haosen1 , Chen Baohai2 , Hu Shuqi1 , Zhao Xiaoxia1 , Tou Jinfa1     
1. National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health, Department of Neonatal Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China;
2. National Clinical Research Center for Children's Health; Information Center, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the correlation between age of Kasai portoenterostomy and early prognosis to provide references for timing of Kasai surgery in biliary atresia (BA) children. Methods Retrospective review was conducted for clinical data of hospitalized BA children from January 2019 to December 2021.General profiles (gender & operative age) and parameters of liver function, coagulation function and blood ammonia were collected.According to the jaundice clearance at 3 months post-operation, they were assigned into two groups of non-jaundice clearance (n=47) and jaundice clearance (n=66).The cut-off value of operative age was calculated.Then two groups were divided according to operative age.The prognostic parameters of Kasai portoenterostomy at 3 months post-operation were compared, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin (DBIL), postoperative DBIL/ preoperative DBIL, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL), platelet count (PLT), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and international normalized ratio (INR). Results A total of 113 cases were collected, including 49 males and 64 females. The operative age was 59.00 (40.50, 69.00) days. Univariate analysis of the preoperative indexes of the non-jaundice clearance group and the jaundice clearance group showed that the age of operation(64 (52, 79) d vs. 55 (33, 67) d), AST (202.00 (138.00, 332.00) U/L vs. 147.50 (100.00, 242.00) U/L), indirect bilirubin (IBIL) ((70.60±20.31)μmol/L vs. (79.96±27.13)μmol/L), total protein(TP) ((55.88±6.59)g/L vs. (53.13±4.71)g/L) between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The indexes with P < 0.1 in univariate analysis [age of operation, albumin (ALB), ALT, AST, IBIL, TP, activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)] were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis, and the results showed that the age of operation (OR=0.974, 95%CI: 0.951-0.997, P=0.030) was an independent factor influencing the jnundice clearance at 3 months after Kasai protoentrostomy. According to the cut-off value (46.5d) of the operative age group, the results showed that the levels of ALP(365.00 (316.00, 514.75) U/L vs. 492.00 (343.00, 684.00) U/L), ALT ((76.35±81.33) U/L vs. (134.09±97.45)U/L), AST (67.50 (41.50, 99.50) U/L vs. 112.00 (79.00, 168.00) U/L), DBIL (2.55 (1.78, 6.95) μmol/L vs. 9.80 (3.60, 36.80) μmol/L), postoperative DBIL/ preoperative DBIL(0.05 (0.03, 0.09) vs. 0.12 (0.05, 0.54)), TBA (45.50 (25.93, 92.93) μmol/L vs.106.20 (41.20, 187.50) μmol/L), TBIL (9.65 (6.98, 15.43) μmol/L vs. 21.50 (10.40, 66.90) μmol/L) and APRI (0.32 (0.22, 0.48) vs.0.62 (0.41, 0.93)) in the operation age ≤46.5 d group were significantly lower than those in the operation age > 46.5 d group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Early prognostic parameters are superior in group with operative age≤46.5 days to group with operative age >46.5 days.And early Kasai portoenterostomy may improve the prognosis of BA.
Key words: Biliary Atresia    Prognosis    Liver Function Test    Operative Age    

胆道闭锁(biliary atresia, BA)是围生期肝内外胆管出现的进行性炎性和纤维性闭锁。BA患儿生后60 d内手术效果最佳,若生后90 d未进行及时干预,其肝脏纤维化快速进展所致的肝衰竭将难以逆转[1]。国外多中心研究发现行Kasai手术时日龄对BA患儿预后的影响显著,行Kasai手术时日龄≤60 d者较行Kasai手术时日龄>60 d者预后好,行Kasai手术时日龄≤60 d者2年自体肝生存(native liver survival, NLS)率为58%、10年NLS率为50%[2]。国内多中心研究认为,术后3个月黄疸是否消退是BA预后的独立影响因素[3]。天冬氨酸转氨酶与血小板比值指数(aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, APRI)可用于评估Kasai手术后的肝纤维化和肝硬化情况[4]。本研究旨在探讨BA患儿行Kasai手术时日龄与早期预后的关联性,为Kasai手术时机的选择提供参考。

资料与方法 一、研究对象及分组

回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的BA患儿临床资料。病例纳入标准:①于本中心行腹腔镜探查及术中胆道造影明确为BA,由同一手术团队行Kasai手术且经病理检查证实为BA;②接受本中心治疗团队规范治疗、定期随访;③未合并其他肝胆畸形。排除标准:①因病情危重等原因家属放弃治疗;②未按要求完成随访。共收集因BA行Kasai手术并定期随访的患儿113例,男49例,女64例;手术时日龄59.00(40.50,69.00)d。根据Kasai手术后3个月退黄情况分为未退黄组(n=47)和退黄组(n=66),计算手术时日龄的cut-off值,再根据此cut-off值分为两组,比较不同Kasai手术时日龄患儿术后3个月的预后指标。本研究经浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院伦理委员会审核通过(2022—IRB—214),患儿家属均签署知情同意书。

二、治疗方法

经腹腔镜探查及术中胆道造影明确为BA后转开腹Kasai手术,处理肝门部纤维板,用Roux-en-Y吻合,胆支肠襻长度40~45 cm,空肠经横结肠后方至肝门部;用5 - 0可吸收线将空肠与吻合平面连续浅层缝合。术后使用头孢哌酮舒巴坦钠静脉滴注2周后改口服抗生素;术后3 d开始静脉滴注甲泼尼龙,起始剂量为每日4 mg/kg,2周后改口服每日2 mg/kg,2周后改每日1 mg/kg口服,2周后停药;服用护肝、利胆药物,及脂溶性维生素。

三、随访及观察指标

出院后所有患儿于门诊随访,术后6个月内每月定期随访1次,此后每2~3个月随访1次。观察指标包括性别、行Kasai手术时日龄、白球比(albumin-globulin ratio, AGR)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma-glutamyltransferase, GGT)、球蛋白(globulin, GLB)、间接胆红素(indirect bilirubin, IBIL)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid, TBA)、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)、总蛋白(total protein, TP)、胆碱酯酶(cholinesterase, CHE)、同期血小板计数(platelet count, PLT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)、国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio, INR)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)、血氨。Kasai手术后退黄情况以黄疸清除(jaundice clearance, JC)表示,定义为血清TBIL≤20 μmol/L[5]。APRI=AST(U/L)/AST的正常上限值×100/PLT(109/L)[4]

四、统计学处理

应用IBM SPSS 20.0进行统计学分析。服从正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不服从正态分布的计量资料以M(Q1Q3)表示,组间比较采用非参数检验;计数资料以频数、构成比表示,组间比较采用卡方检验;选取单因素分析中P<0.1的因素纳入Logistic回归分析;绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线,分析Kasai手术日龄与术后3个月退黄的关联性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果 一、单因素分析结果

未退黄组与退黄组手术时日龄、AST、IBIL、TP的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);而性别、AGR、ALB、ALP、ALT、DBIL、GGT、GLB、TBA、TBIL、CHE、PLT、APRI、APTT、INR、PT、血氨的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 1

表 1 胆道闭锁患儿行Kasai手术前基本资料及单因素分析 Table 1 Basic profiles and univariate analysis before Kasai portoenterostomy for BA
二、Logistic回归分析结果

将单因素分析结果中P<0.1的变量(手术时日龄、ALB、ALT、AST、IBIL、TP、APTT)纳入Logistic回归分析,结果显示手术时日龄(OR=0.974,95%CI:0.951~0.997,P=0.030)是Kasai手术后3个月退黄的独立影响因素。见表 2

表 2 胆道闭锁患儿行Kasai手术后3个月退黄影响因素的Logistic回归分析结果 Table 2 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of jaundice clearance at 3 months after Kasai portoenterostomy in BA children
三、手术时日龄分析结果

在Logistic回归分析结果中,除手术时日龄外,其余指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。因此,根据手术时日龄绘制ROC曲线(图 1),ROC曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)为0.662,手术时日龄的cut-off值为46.5 d(敏感度为0.894,特异度为0.439),即手术时日龄≤46.5 d的BA患儿较>46.5 d者Kasai手术后3个月退黄效果好。


图 1 BA患儿Kasai手术时日龄与术后3个月退黄关系的ROC曲线图 Fig.1 ROC curve of age of Kasai portoenterostomy and jaundice clearance at 3 months post-operation

以Kasai手术日龄46.5 d将患儿分为手术时日龄≤46.5 d组和手术时日龄>46.5 d组,两组术前ALP、ALT、AST、DBIL、GGT、TBA、TBIL、PLT、APRI及INR差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对两组术后3个月各项指标进行分析,结果显示手术时日龄≤46.5 d组ALP、ALT、AST、DBIL、术后DBIL/术前DBIL、TBA、TBIL及APRI低于手术时日龄>46.5 d组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);手术时日龄≤46.5 d组GGT和INR低于手术时日龄>46.5 d组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);手术时日龄≤46.5 d组PLT高于手术时日龄>46.5 d组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 两组胆道闭锁患儿Kasai手术后3个月指标比较 Table 3 Comparison of parameters at 3 months after Kasai portoenterostomy for BA between two groups
讨论

BA的主要治疗方法是Kasai手术,目前其NLS率和生存时间都得到了明显改善,但手术时机是影响预后的关键因素,研究表明早诊断、早手术可明显改善NLS率[6]。生后70 d内行Kasai手术,术后胆汁引流更好[7]。早期干预、手术时年龄较小与长期NLS相关。传统上,生后60 d内建立胆汁流以预防或降低患儿肝脏相关并发症发生率和死亡率至关重要。然而,生后60 d这一截断时间存在争议[8]。行Kasai手术时日龄<90 d是术后JC的重要预测因子,也是长期NLS的独立预测因子,行Kasai手术时患儿年龄是黄疸消退的重要预测因素[9]。有研究发现,出生70 d后接受Kasai手术的患儿在10年的随访中预计有50%的NLS率,但早期行Kasai手术仍然是首选,因为晚期手术的患儿发生BA相关并发症的风险更高[10]。即使超过生后90 d进行Kasai手术,也有助于延长BA患儿的NLS时间,并为肝移植(liver transplantation,LT)提供重要的桥梁,因此仍然是大龄婴儿可行的主要治疗方法[11]

BA患儿Kasai手术后3个月内黄疸未消退是NLS时间小于2年的危险因素[3, 12]。黄疸的快速清除对其5年NLS具有积极意义,其中Kasai手术后4周黄疸清除率对其5年NLS率具有一定的预测价值[13]。术后3个月TBIL>34.2 μmol/L是需要接受LT的独立预测因子[14]。Kasai手术后TBIL浓度≤20 μmol/L证明胆汁引流的建立,JC可用于评估Kasai手术后的胆道引流,并作为Kasai手术成功的标志[8]。Kasai手术后实现无黄疸的时间越短,越有助于减少肝损伤和减缓肝纤维化进展,从而获得更理想的NLS率[15]。TBIL、DBIL和TBA水平在成功完成Kasai手术之后持续下降,下降幅度最大的时间段是术后第1个月;AST、ALT和GGT水平在Kasai手术后第1个月升高,此后持续下降[13]。在Kasai手术后3个月内TBIL下降至<12.5 μmol/L、DBIL下降至<7.5 μmol/L,术后6个月TBIL下降至<7.5 μmol/L、DBIL下降至<2.5 μmol/L,胆红素迅速降低至极低水平,可延缓肝纤维化进展,改善NLS率[16]。本研究根据Kasai手术后3个月是否JC进行回顾性研究,发现手术时日龄是影响术后3个月JC的重要影响因素。结合临床实际,我们对手术时日龄进行分析,结果发现46.5 d为cut-off值。

胆汁淤积可增加ALP的合成和释放。有研究认为较低的ALP水平与良好的手术结局显著相关,术前ALP水平以532.5 U/L为临界值或更低可以预测Kasai手术成功,敏感度为75.9%,特异度为74.4%[17]。TBIL、DBIL水平反映胆汁淤积的程度,而ALT、AST水平反映未来纤维化的肝细胞的炎症和损伤[18]。Kasai手术前DBIL和AST是Kasai手术后JC的独立预测因子,也是良好NLS的显著预测因子,术前较低的DBIL和AST与NLS存在显著相关性[9]。研究表明,Kasai手术后30 d的DBIL与术前DBIL的比值对预后有较好的预测价值,DBIL比值(Kasai手术后30 d/术前)>0.3与Kasai手术后1.5年内的死亡、需要肝移植、食管静脉曲张出血和腹水均相关;比值<0.3表明Kasai手术后有更好的胆汁引流,与NLS显著相关[19]。我们研究了术后3个月的DBIL与术前DBIL比值,结果显示手术时日龄≤46.5 d组的DBIL比值更低,可能会有更好的NLS率。胆汁酸是胆固醇在肝脏内分解合成的代谢产物,可以同时反映肝脏分泌状态,胆道梗阻时,胆汁逆流入血,血清胆汁酸水平明显增高,TBA增高提示胆汁引流不畅。术后3个月两组TBA均增高,但手术时日龄>46.5 d组的TBA值增高更显著。Kasai手术时的APRI可能是评估BA患儿肝病严重程度的有效辅助手段[20]。APRI在预测Kasai手术后肝纤维化和肝硬化方面的诊断准确性很高,并可用于预测BA患儿Kasai手术后食管静脉曲张和NLS率[4, 21]。有研究发现,Kasai手术后第4个月APRI >0.605与显著降低的NLS率相关[21]。本研究中手术时日龄≤46.5 d组术后3个月的APRI值[0.32(0.22,0.48)]显著低于手术时日龄>46.5 d组的APRI值[0.62(0.41,0.93)]。

GGT对BA具有较好的诊断价值,但BA患儿就诊时GGT水平较低,结局较差,术前GGT水平低可能与Kasai手术后的预后不良有关[22-24]。术后TBIL和DBIL的快速下降预示着良好的长期预后,而术前GGT水平低、术后GGT水平显著升高则预示着长期预后较差[25]。Kasai手术后第5个月的血清GGT浓度>550 U/L与NLS率显著相关[21]。本研究中,手术时日龄≤46.5 d组和手术日龄>46.5 d组的术前和术后3个月的GGT值差异均无统计学意义,但手术时日龄>46.5 d组术后3个月的GGT值更接近550 U/L,可能与预后不良相关; 术前INR值影响术后长期肝脏分泌与合成功能,术前INR是JC和长期NLS的预测因子[9, 26]。我们的研究结果显示Kasai手术前和术后3个月的INR值在两组间的差异均无统计学意义。

综上所述,根据Kasai手术后3个月JC进行分组分析显示,手术时日龄46.5 d为cut-off值,通过以手术时日龄46.5 d分组显示,手术时日龄≤46.5 d组的早期预后指标较手术时日龄>46.5 d组更好,Kasai手术时日龄是影响BA早期预后的独立影响因素,尽早行Kasai手术可改善BA患儿预后。但本研究仍存在一定的局限性,如仅为单中心研究、样本数较少、随访时间较短、仅将术前因素纳入研究等。因此,进一步进行多中心研究、扩大病例数量、增加其他影响因素并进行长期随访是今后研究需努力的方向。

利益冲突  所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明  韩一江、吴昊负责论文调查设计、论文撰写;季浩森、陈宝海进行数据整理、统计学分析;胡书奇、赵晓霞负责文献检索、论文讨论分析;钭金法负责研究指导、论文修改

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