临床小儿外科杂志  2022, Vol. 21 Issue (12): 1185-1190  DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202104060-016

引用本文  

刘业根, 李刚龙, 罗秋妹, 等. 小儿消化道磁性金属异物6例及文献复习[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2022, 21(12): 1185-1190.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202104060-016
Liu YG, Li GL, Luo QM, et al. Accidental ingestion of metallic magnetic foreign bodies: a report of six cases with a literature review[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2022, 21(12): 1185-1190.   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101785-202104060-016

通信作者

吕成超, Email: 403105666@qq.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-04-25
小儿消化道磁性金属异物6例及文献复习
刘业根 , 李刚龙 , 罗秋妹 , 陈煜 , 吕成超     
广东省妇幼保健院小儿普外科, 广州 510000
摘要目的 总结小儿消化道磁性金属异物的治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2020年12月广东省妇幼保健院小儿普外科收治的6例误食磁性金属异物患儿临床资料, 并检索万方、中国知网及PubMed数据库(2015年1月1日至2020年12月31日)中相关儿童误食磁性金属异物的文献进行复习, 总结患儿临床特征、治疗方法、转归及预后。结果 本院6例患儿发病年龄2~6岁, 误食磁性金属异物数目为2~11颗。3例无症状, 3例有不同程度腹痛、呕吐不适。1例经肛门自行排出磁性金属异物; 5例经手术取出磁性金属异物, 其中2例行肠修补或肠吻合根治术; 2例先行肠造口术, 后行肠造口闭合术; 1例术中见消化道无损伤, 将异物推至结肠自肛门取出。共检索到10篇符合纳入标准的文献, 共报道47例患儿, 其中4例吞入磁性金属异物1颗(均经肛门自行排出); 3例一次性吞入多颗(≥2颗), 1例经肛门自行排出, 2例经内镜下取出; 40例分次吞入多颗, 4例经内镜下取出, 36例经手术取出; 28例详细记录了发病时间, 9例发病时间≤2 d者中, 合并消化道穿孔2例; 19例发病时间>2 d者中, 合并消化道穿孔17例; 35例就诊时有腹痛、呕吐, 12例无症状; 腹部体征阴性38例, 腹部压痛7例, 腹胀2例; 合并消化道穿孔34例, 其中5例为单部位穿孔, 29例为多部位穿孔(≥2个)。36例手术患儿中, 2例术中发现消化道未穿孔, 均通过切开小肠壁取出异物; 合并腹腔感染10例, 合并部分肠管坏死1例, 肠梗阻2例, 单纯消化道瘘25例, 合并胃、十二指肠、小肠穿孔共30例(27例行肠修补或肠吻合根治术; 3例行肠造口术, 后行造口闭合术), 合并结肠穿孔4例(4例均行肠穿孔修补或肠吻合根治术)。所有患儿预后良好。结论 小儿误食单颗或一次性误食多颗磁性金属异物大多可自行排出或经内镜下取出, 分次吞食多颗磁性金属异物经肛门自行排出的可能性非常低, 需及时通过内镜或手术将异物取出。发病时间超过2 d将增加合并消化道穿孔的概率。合并胃、十二指肠、小肠及结肠穿孔者可行一期肠穿孔修补或吻合术, 手术方式的选择需根据穿孔部位肠壁情况及手术医师经验决定。
关键词异物    金属    磁力珠    胃肠道, 损伤    内窥镜检查, 胃肠道    儿童    
Accidental ingestion of metallic magnetic foreign bodies: a report of six cases with a literature review
Liu Yegen , Li Ganglong , Luo Qiumei , Chen Yu , Lyu Chengchao     
Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Maternal & Children's Health Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
Abstract: Objective To summarize the experiences of treating magnetic metal foreign body in alimentary tract of children. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020, clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 6 children ingesting magnetic metal foreign bodies.Literature reports related to children ingesting magnetic metal foreign bodies were retrieved from the databases of Wanfang, CNI and PubMed from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020.And clinical characteristics, treatments and outcomes were analyzed. Results The age of onset was (2-6) years and the number of ingested magnetic metal foreign bodies (2-11).Clinical manifestations were non-specific (n=3) and abdominal pain with varying vomiting (n=3).Except for 1 case of excreting through anus, the remainders were surgically removed.Intestinal repair or radical operation of intestinal anastomosis (n=2) and enterostomy plus closed enterostomy (n=2) were performed.In another case, digestive tract remained intact and foreign body was extracted from anus.A total of 10 literatures fulfilling the inclusion criteria were retrieved with a total of 47 children.Four cases swallowed a magnetic metal foreign body and passed it through anus.Three cases swallowed multiple pills at one time.Two cases underwent initial enterostomy and two patients were removed under endoscope.Among 40 cases of multiple ingestion, endoscopic (n=4) and surgical (n=36) extractions were performed.The onset time of 28 cases was recorded.Among 19 cases with onset time >2 days, 17 cases were complicated with digestive tract perforation.There were abdominal pain & vomiting (n=35) and non-symptom (n=12).There were negative abdominal signs (n=38), abdominal tenderness (n=7) and abdominal distension (n=2).Among 34 cases complicated with digestive tract perforation, perforation was single (n=5) and multiple (n=29).Among 36 surgical cases, 2 cases had no digestive tract perforation and foreign body was removed via an incision of small intestinal wall.The complications were abdominal infection (n=10), partial intestinal necrosis (n=1), intestinal obstruction (n=2) and simple digestive tract fistula (n=25).Among 30 perforated cases of stomach, duodenum and small intestine, intestinal repair or radical enterostomy (n=27) and enterostomy plus stomy closure (n=3) were performed.Four cases of colonic perforation underwent intestinal repair or radical enterostomy.All patients had a decent prognosis. Conclusion Children mistakenly ingesting a single magnetic metal foreign body or multiple magnetic metal foreign bodies at one time may be treated by endoscope.There is a low possibility of multiple magnetic metal foreign bodies to be discharged by anus and timely removal should be performed by endoscope or surgery.A delay of longer than 2 days will elevate the risk of gastrointestinal perforation.For a perforation of stomach, duodenum, small intestine and colon, one-stage repair or anastomosis of intestinal perforation is feasible.Selecting surgical approaches should be based upon operator experiences and the condition of intestinal wall at perforation site.
Key words: Foreign Bodies    Metal    Buckeyball    Gastrointestinal Tract, Injuries    Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal    Child    

儿童误食异物在临床上很常见,通常只要异物大小适中、边缘规则,大多可自行排出[1]。但如果误食磁性金属异物,且为多颗、分次吞入,则容易造成胃肠道穿孔、内瘘、肠梗阻等严重并发症,需高度重视[2]。目前国内外已有较多误食磁性金属异物引发肠穿孔的报道,但多为单中心临床病例分析。本文总结2019年1月至2020年12月广东省妇幼保健院小儿普外科收治的6例误食多颗磁性金属异物患儿的治疗经验,并结合国内外相关文献进行复习,为临床诊治提供参考。

资料与方法 一、本院患儿临床资料

2019年1月至2020年12月本院收治误食磁性金属异物患儿6例,发病年龄2~6岁。患儿发生误食或发现临床症状至接受治疗的时间为7 h至2个月,误食磁性金属异物数目为2~11颗。3例无症状,3例有不同程度腹痛、呕吐不适。1例经肛门自行排出;5例经手术取出磁性金属异物,其中2例行肠修补或肠吻合根治术;2例先行肠造口术,后行肠造口闭合术;1例术中见消化道无损伤,将异物推至结肠自肛门取出。6例患儿均顺利康复,分别于出院后1、3、6个月随访,均无特殊不适,生长发育良好。6例患儿影像学资料见图 1,临床资料见表 1


图 1 6例消化道磁性金属异物患儿腹部X线片 Fig.1 Abdominal radiograph films of 6 children ingesting metal magnetic foreign body    A:病例1, 磁力球位于十二指肠降部,4枚已嵌入十二指肠壁内,未穿孔;B: 病例2,磁力球位于胃窦内并互相吸附,后自行排出;C: 病例3,空肠及横结肠被磁力球吸附致3处肠穿孔;D: 病例4,空肠及升结肠被磁力球吸附致3处肠穿孔;E:病例5,胃和空肠被磁力球吸附穿孔;F:病例6, 空肠及回肠被磁力球吸附致空肠、回肠穿孔,部分回肠坏死

表 1 6例本院收治消化道磁性金属异物患儿临床资料 Table 1 General profiles of 6 children ingesting magnetic foreign bodies
二、文献检索情况

检索万方医学网、中国知网及PubMed数据库。检索关键词:消化道磁性金属异物、digestive tract magnetic foreign body。检索起止日期:2015年1月1日至2020年12月31日。剔除无明确发病时间及无具体手术方式介绍的文献后,筛选出10篇文献,共报道47例患儿,见表 2。47例中,4例吞入磁性金属异物1颗,均经肛门自行排出;3例一次吞入多颗(≥2颗),其中1例经肛门排出,2例经内镜下取出;40例分次吞入多颗,其中4例经内镜下取出,36例经手术取出,见表 3。47例中,35例就诊时有腹痛、呕吐,12例无症状;38例就诊时腹部体征阴性,7例腹部压痛阳性,腹胀2例。36例手术患儿中,34例术中发现消化道穿孔,5例为单部位穿孔,29例为多部位穿孔(≥2个)。其中合并胃、十二指肠、小肠穿孔共30例,27例行肠修补或肠吻合根治术,3例行肠造口术,后行肠造口闭合术;合并结肠穿孔4例,均行肠穿孔修补或肠吻合根治术;2例术中见消化道未穿孔,予切开小肠壁取出异物。47例患儿中,详细记录了发病时间者28例,其中9例发病时间≤2 d者中,合并消化道穿孔2例;消化道未穿孔7例;19例发病时间>2 d者中,合并消化道穿孔17例。所有患儿顺利康复,预后良好。

表 2 47例文献报道消化道磁性金属异物患儿临床资料 Table 2 Clinical profiles of 47 children ingesting magnetic metal foreign bodies

表 3 36例文献报道手术治疗消化道磁性金属异物患儿诊疗情况 Table 3 Diagnosis and surgery of 36 children ingesting magnetic metal foreign bodies
讨论

80% ~90%的消化道异物能自行排出体外,无需特殊处理[3]。但儿童吞食磁性金属异物可能会引起严重后果[4]。因吞食金属异物有磁性,误服多颗(尤其是多次或间隔一定时间吞食磁性金属异物)容易在胃肠道不同部位吸引成排或成团,压迫相隔的胃壁、肠壁或其他周围组织,而造成组织缺血坏死,甚至导致胃肠穿孔或瘘管形成[5-6]

儿童吞食磁性金属异物后,能否自行排出,或是否会引起肠穿孔、肠梗阻等并发症,与吞食磁性金属异物的数量及是否分次吞食相关。如单独吞食1颗或同时吞食多颗磁性金属异物吸附在一起,体积不大且不尖锐,较大概率能自行排出体外[7-8]。如间隔一段时间吞食2颗或以上磁性异物,则很有可能因不同部位磁性异物隔着肠壁吸附在一起而无法自行排出。本院6例患儿中,1例一次性吞入2颗,后经肛门自行排出;其余5例为分次吞入多颗,经手术取出。文献检索的47例患儿中,4例吞入1颗者经肛门自行排出;3例一次性吞入多颗患儿中,1例自行排出,2例经内镜下取出;其余40例分次吞入多颗磁力球患儿均经胃镜或手术方法取出异物,且其中34例合并消化道穿孔。

因异物致消化道壁压力性缺血坏死和瘘管形成是一个逐步过程,年长儿童大网膜包绕可使炎症局限,而不表现出明显临床症状[9]。文献报道的47例患儿中35例就诊时有腹痛、呕吐症状,但症状不典型,多例被误诊为急性胃肠炎而错失最佳治疗时机[10]。目前尚无文献报道吞食磁性金属异物的时间与消化道穿孔之间的关系。本次文献复习结果显示,发病时间超过2 d者,消化道穿孔的发生率明显高于发病时间在2 d以内者,因此我们认为吞食磁性金属异物后2 d内可能是治疗的黄金时间。建议发现儿童吞食磁性异物,且观察一段时间异物位置无变化时,即使患儿无临床表现,也要争取在发病后2 d内,及时经内镜或手术将磁性异物取出,以降低消化道穿孔的发生率[11]

临床接诊吞食多颗磁性金属异物患儿时,需立即行腹部立位及侧位X线检查,明确吞入磁性金属异物的数目及位置,每6~8 h复查一次腹部立位片,如动态观察消化道内异物位置无任何变化,此时即使患儿无任何腹部阳性体征,仍需及时手术或内镜干预治疗。近年来内镜被广泛应用于小儿消化道异物的取出,且效果良好,缺点是对于位置较深或已穿入肠壁甚至进入腹腔的肠道异物的诊治较为困难;对嵌顿的肠道异物的取出也很困难,强行取出可能导致肠壁损伤,此时手术探查尤为重要[12-14]。手术一方面能明确异物是否导致肠穿孔,另一方面能准确判断损伤肠管的生机,决定选择何种手术方式[15]。腹腔镜下取异物,由于缺乏触感,且儿童腹内空间较小,难以准确判断异物位置,特别是存在多枚异物时,有导致异物脱离的风险,一旦发生异物残留,腹腔镜下寻找和清除异物将非常困难,且消化道磁性异物导致消化道损伤往往为多发穿孔,在完全腹腔镜下难以完成肠穿孔修补术或肠切除肠吻合术,因此腹腔镜在消化道磁性异物的手术治疗中作用有限,且增加治疗费用[16]。因此开腹手术仍是消化道异物的主要手术方式[17]。由于磁性异物固定于肠壁,阻止了肠内容物外溢入腹腔,极少合并严重腹腔感染,为肠修补术或肠吻合根治术创造了有利条件[18]。从本院病例及文献复习病例的治疗情况来看,对于合并消化道穿孔的磁性异物患儿,即使是合并结肠穿孔,行一期肠穿孔修补或吻合术是可行的。这是因为磁性异物所致消化道穿孔多为单纯消化道瘘,腹腔感染程度轻,具体手术方式的选择需根据术中穿孔部位肠壁情况及手术医生经验决定。无论采用何种手术方式,手术结束前均建议摄片检查,以免遗漏异物。

对于手术探查发现消化道未穿孔的患儿,如何将固定在肠管内的磁性异物取出,不同的医师处理方法不同。文献报道的病例中有2例术中发现消化道未穿孔而行肠壁切开取异物术,这种破坏消化道取异物的方式是不可取的,因为会增加术中腹腔污染以及术后肠瘘等并发症的风险[9]。本院有1例术中发现无消化道损伤,采取金属血管钳在肠管外吸附肠管内异物的方法,顺利将异物自小肠引导至结肠,然后由助手用金属卵圆钳伸入直肠内,将异物自肛门吸附取出。该方法操作简单,可避免消化道损伤,但对于尖锐的磁性异物,有增加医源性肠管损伤的风险[19]

总之,儿童消化道磁性金属异物易被家长忽视、医生误诊,多数患儿就诊时已错过48 h的黄金治疗时机;但由于吞食磁性金属异物患儿腹腔污染程度轻,经积极治疗后,大多预后良好。

利益冲突  所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明   刘业根、吕成超负责研究的设计、实施和起草文章;李刚龙、罗秋妹进行病例数据收集及分析;陈煜负责中英文文献的检索,并对文章知识性内容进行审阅

参考文献
[1]
王果, 冯杰雄. 小儿腹部外科学[M]. 第2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2011: 511-512.
Wang G, Feng JX. Pediatric Abdominal Surgery[M]. Second Edition. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2011: 511-512.
[2]
Tavarez MM, Saladino RA, Gaines BA, et al. Prevalence, clinical features and management of pediatric magnetic foreign body ingestions[J]. J Emerg Med, 2013, 44(1): 261-268. DOI:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.03.025
[3]
章跃滨, 余佳, 蔡多特, 等. 五例儿童误服多枚磁性异物导致消化道穿孔经验总结[J]. 中华小儿外科杂志, 2018, 39(10): 787-788, 791.
Zhang YB, Yu J, Cai DT, et al. Clinical therapeutic experience of gastrointestinal perforation caused by swallowing multiple magnetic foreign bodies in children: a report of 5 cases[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2018, 39(10): 787-788, 791. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2018.10.015
[4]
司新敏, 黄磊, 杜宝峰, 等. 多枚磁性异物引发严重消化道损伤一例[J]. 中华小儿外科杂志, 2019, 40(1): 74-75.
Si XM, Huang L, Du BF, et al. Multiple magnetic foreign bodies causing severe injuries of digestive tract in a child: one case report[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2019, 40(1): 74-75. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2019.01.016
[5]
刘仕琪, 雷鹏, 吕毅, 等. 儿童和青少年误吞磁性异物致消化道损伤的文献分析[J]. 中华胃肠外科杂志, 2011, 14(10): 756-761.
Liu SQ, Lei P, Lyu Y, et al. Systematic review of gastrointestinal injury caused by magnetic foreign body ingestions in children and adolescents[J]. Chin J Gastrointest Surg, 2011, 14(10): 756-761. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0274.2011.10.007
[6]
李善文, 郭俊斌, 施会敏, 等. 儿童磁性消化道异物伴十二指肠穿孔一例[J]. 海南医学, 2020, 31(18): 2440-2441.
Li SW, Guo JB, Shi HM, et al. Magnetic digestive foreign body with duodenal perforation in children: one case report[J]. Hainan Med J, 2020, 31(18): 2440-2441. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2020.18.037
[7]
Butterworth J, Feltis B. Toy magnet ingestion in children: revising the algorithm[J]. J Pediatr Surg, 2007, 42(12): e3-e5. DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.09.001
[8]
Cho J, Sung K, Lee D. Magnetic foreign body ingestion in pediatric patients: report of three cases[J]. BMC Surg, 2017, 17(1): 73. DOI:10.1186/s12893-017-0269-z
[9]
张成德, 冯燕, 石天亭. 儿童消化道磁性异物诊治体会[J]. 中华小儿外科杂志, 2012, 33(11): 871-872.
Zhang CD, Feng Y, Shi TT. Experience of diagnosing and treating magnetic foreign bodies of digestive tract in children[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2012, 33(11): 871-872. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2012.11.020
[10]
Si XM, Du BF, Huang L. Multiple magnetic foreign bodies causing severe digestive tract injuries in a child[J]. Case Rep Gastroenterol, 2016, 10(3): 720-727. DOI:10.1159/000450538
[11]
傅严航, 黄磊, 司新敏, 等. 误吞磁性异物造成儿童消化道损伤17例临床分析[J]. 临床与病理杂志, 2020, 40(6): 1466-1471.
Fu YH, Huang L, Si XM, et al. Clinical analysis of 17 cases of gastrointestinal perforation caused by magnetic foreign body ingestions in children: a report of 17 cases[J]. J Clin Pathol Res, 2020, 40(6): 1466-1471. DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2095-6959.2020.06.021
[12]
刘海峰, 左楚清, 黄茂华, 等. 消化内镜在小儿消化道异物诊疗中的应用[J]. 中华小儿外科杂志, 2005, 26(2): 107-108.
Liu HF, Zuo CQ, Huang MH, et al. Application of digestive endoscopy application in the diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in gastrointestinal tract[J]. Chin J Pediatr Surg, 2005, 26(2): 107-108. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2005.02.017
[13]
Lyu XT, Pi Z, Wang ZX, et al. Successful removal of multiple magnetic foreign bodies in the digestive tract of children by gastroscopy: two case reports[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019, 98(18): e15435. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000015435
[14]
武鹏, 陈肖鸣. 小儿肠道异物手术治疗9例分析[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2014, 13(6): 537-539, 542.
Wu P, Chen XM. Surgical treatment of intestinal foreign bodies in children: a report of 9 cases[J]. J Clin Ped Sur, 2014, 13(6): 537-539, 542. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2014.06.020
[15]
中华医学会消化内镜学分会. 中国上消化道异物内镜处理专家共识意见(2015年, 上海)[J]. 中华消化内镜杂志, 2016, 33(1): 19-28.
Branch of Digestive Endoscopy, Chinese Medical Association. Expert Consensus on Endoscopic Management of Upper Digestive Tract Foreign Bodies in China (2015, Shanghai)[J]. Chin J Dig Endosc, 2016, 33(1): 19-28. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-5232.2016.01.003
[16]
张成德, 张风华, 马风博, 等. 腹腔镜配合胃镜取出消化道内多枚磁性异物一例[J]. 中华消化内镜杂志, 2013, 30(3): 176.
Zhang CD, Zhang FH, Ma FB, et al. Laparoscopic with gastroscope for removing multiple magnetic foreign bodies in digestive tract[J]. Chin J Dig Endosc, 2013, 30(3): 176. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-5232.2013.03.019
[17]
孙俊, 徐伟珏, 吕志宝, 等. 胃肠道多枚磁性异物3例报道及文献复习[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2016, 31(17): 1339-1342.
Sun J, Xu WJ, Lyu ZB, et al. Ingestion of multiple magnetic foreign body in digestive tract: a report of three cases with a literature review[J]. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr, 2016, 31(17): 1339-1342. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2016.17.017
[18]
王果, 李振东. 小儿外科手术学[M]. 第2版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2010: 317-318.
Wang G, Li ZD. Pediatric Surgery[M]. Second Edition. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2010: 317-318.
[19]
李刚. 胃肠道异物116例手术治疗分析[J]. 中国现代医生, 2012, 50(7): 142-143.
Li G. Foreign body in gastrointestinal surgery: a report of 116 cases[J]. China Mod Doct, 2012, 50(7): 142-143. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2012.07.069
[20]
Averyn VI, Halubitski SB, Zapalianski AV, et al. Diagnostics and medical tactics in magnetic foreign bodies gastrointestinal tract in children[J]. Novosti Khirurgii, 2017, 25(3): 317-324. DOI:10.18484/2305-0047.2017.3.317