临床小儿外科杂志  2021, Vol. 20 Issue (3): 236-240  DOI: 10.12260/lcxewkzz.2021.03.007

引用本文  

虞梅, 葛郁荣, 石静, 等. 超声助显剂灌肠与X线钡灌肠在先天性巨结肠诊断中的应用价值[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2021, 20(3): 236-240.
Yu M, Ge YR, Shi J, et al. Ultrasound-assisted enema plus X-ray barium enema for diagnosing Hirschsprung's disease: a retrospective study[J]. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Surgery, 2021, 20(3): 236-240.

基金项目

贵阳市卫生和计划生育委员会科学技术计划项目(编号:[2018]筑卫计科技合同字第015号)

通信作者

葛郁荣, E-mail: 707970257@qq.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-11-03
超声助显剂灌肠与X线钡灌肠在先天性巨结肠诊断中的应用价值
虞梅1 , 葛郁荣2 , 石静2 , 陆玉洁1     
1. 贵阳市妇幼保健院儿外科(贵州省贵阳市, 550002);
2. 贵阳市妇幼保健院超声医学科(贵州省贵阳市, 550002)
摘要目的 探讨超声助显剂灌肠与X线钡灌肠在先天性巨结肠诊断中的应用价值。方法 以贵阳市妇幼保健院39例经直肠黏膜活检及手术病理确诊的先天性巨结肠患者为研究对象,同时行超声助显剂灌肠以及X线钡灌肠检查,对诊断结果进行对比分析。结果 超声助显剂灌肠诊断先天性巨结肠阳性36例,真阳性率为92.3%(36/39)。根据狭窄痉挛段累及范围分型:常见型19例,短段型6例,超短型4例,长段型4例,全结肠型3例,漏诊3例。X线钡灌肠诊断先天性巨结肠阳性35例,真阳性率为89.7%(35/39),其中常见型18例,短段型5例,超短型3例,长段型4例,全结肠型5例,漏诊4例。超声助显剂灌肠以及X线钡灌肠检查诊断结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两者联合诊断先天性巨结肠38例,诊断真阳性率为97.4%(38/39),其中常见型19例,短段型6例,超短型4例,长段型4例,全结肠型5例,漏诊1例。与单用一种检查方法相比,联合诊断真阳性率更高(P < 0.05)。结论 超声助显剂灌肠与X线钡灌肠在先天性巨结肠的诊断中均可提供较为可靠的影像学依据,二者均可作为常规无创检查手段。
关键词先天性巨结肠/诊断    超声检查    放射摄影术    病理学, 外科    
Ultrasound-assisted enema plus X-ray barium enema for diagnosing Hirschsprung's disease: a retrospective study
Yu Mei1 , Ge Yurong2 , Shi Jing2 , Lu Yujie1     
1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Municipal Women & Children's Healthcare Center, Guiyang 550002, China;
2. Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, Municipal Women & Children's Healthcare Center, Guiyang 550002, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the application value of ultrasound-assisted enema plus X-ray barium enema in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in children. Methods Retrospective reviews were performed for 39 cases of congenital megacolon confirmed by rectal mucosal biopsy and surgery.Meanwhile, comparative analysis was made for the results of ultrasound assisted enema, X-ray barium enema, rectal mucosal biopsy and pathology. Results According to the scope of involvement of stenosis and spasm segment, the clinical types were common (n=19), short segment (n=6), ultra-short segment (n=4), long segment (n=4), total colonic (n=3) and missed diagnosis (n=3).Thirty-five cases of congenital megacolon were diagnosed by X-ray barium enema with a diagnostic coincidence rate of (89.7%, 35/39).The clinical types were common (n=18), short segment (n=5), ultra-short segment (n=3), long segment (n=4), total colonic (n=5) and missed diagnosis (n=4).And the difference was not statistically significant.Thirty-eight cases of congenital megacolon were diagnosed by combining two methods with a diagnostic coincidence rate of (97.4%, 38/39).The clinical types were common (n=19), short segment (n=6), ultra-short segment (n=4), long segment (n=4) and total colonic (n=5).Significant difference existed in detection rate between combining two methods and one single method (P < 0.05). Conclusion The coincidence rate of ultrasonography-assisted enema and barium X-ray enema is high in children with congenital megacolon.It provides reliable imaging evidence for early clinical diagnosis and early surgery.Both methods are routine and non-invasive.
Key words: Hirschsprung Disease/DI    Ultrasonography    Radiography    Pathology, Surgical    

先天性巨结肠(Hirschsprung's disease, HSCR)又称肠管无神经节细胞症,发病率为1/ 5 000,在小儿先天性消化道畸形中占第二位[1-3]。大多数HSCR出现在新生儿时期或婴幼儿时期,部分病例出现在儿童、青年,甚至成年人[4-6]。新生儿期主要表现为胎便排出及排尽时间延迟,反复腹胀及便秘等不全性梗阻表现,儿童主要表现为反复腹胀、排便困难,严重者可导致小肠结肠炎、结肠穿孔等严重并发症[7-9]。故早期诊断及早期治疗尤为重要。术前明确病变范围,可为临床医师手术方式的选择提供一定的参考依据[10, 11]。本研究旨在探讨超声助显剂灌肠与X线钡灌肠在先天性巨结肠诊断中的应用价值。

材料与方法 一、临床资料

以贵阳市妇幼保健院2018年1月至2020年5月收治的39例经直肠黏膜活检及手术病理确诊的先天性巨结肠患者为研究对象。同时行超声助显剂灌肠以及X线钡灌肠检查,对诊断结果进行对比分析。本研究经直肠黏膜活检术及手术病理证实的HSCR患者39例,男31例,女8例,年龄10日龄至2岁,12例孕期检查发现肠管增宽征象。新生儿患者表现为胎粪延迟,出生5~7天后出现渐进性腹胀,偶有呕吐等消化道梗阻症状。大多数患者伴不同程度的腹胀,间歇性便秘,偶见呕吐。

二、研究方法 一 X线钡灌肠

1. 仪器与方法:采用Philips数字胃肠机进行BE检查。硫酸钡剂由生理盐水和硫酸钡粉调制,浓度20% ~30%,一次调制100 mL。经肛门插入细导管(用双腔输卵管通液管)后,使用50 mL注射器缓慢向细导管注入稀释钡剂50~100 mL,让助手边推注钡剂边进行观察。缓慢推注钡剂,直到可以清晰观察到狭窄段至扩张的结肠肝区或升结肠处时停止推注。检查过程中推注钡剂要缓慢,防止狭窄段假性扩张而漏诊。同时让患者多体位变动进行动态观察,24 h后再次行腹部平片观察钡剂残留量。

2. X线钡灌肠诊断标准:痉挛段肠管管径均在正常范围以下,新生儿为0.5~1.5 cm,边缘呈花边状、锯齿状,质硬。根据痉挛段的累及范围分为以下几种类型:常见型痉挛段包括直肠和乙状结肠远端,短段型痉挛段位于直肠下段;长段型痉挛段上界在乙状结肠上段至升结肠;全结肠型累及全部结肠及末端回肠。移行段:位于痉挛段与扩张段之间,呈漏斗型。扩张段:移行段以上肠管均出现不同程度扩张,当并发肠炎时肠管扩张不明显,管壁呈锯齿状改变。见图 1


图 1 X线钡灌肠结果  A: 痉挛段位于乙状结肠中下段及直肠;B: 痉挛段位于直肠中下段;C: 痉挛段位于降结肠中下段、乙状结肠及直肠;D: 全部结肠痉挛狭窄,细箭头所指为扩展肠管,粗箭头所指为狭窄痉挛段,五边形为移行段 Fig.1 Results of X-ray barium enema   A: Spasm was located in middle/lower sigmoid colon and rectum; B: Spasm was located in middle/lower rectum; C: Spasm was located in middle/lower descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum; D: All colons were spasmic and narrowed.Slim arrows indicated expanded intestine, thick arrows stenotic & spasmic segments and pentagon transitional segment
二 超声检查

1. 仪器:采用PhilipsEPEQ5彩色超声诊断仪。探头为线阵探头L5-13及凸阵探头C8-5。

2. 超声检查方法:患者检查之前均获得家长知情同意,条件允许时可灌肠1~2次,排除肠内积粪和积气。患者安静平卧于检查床上,超声助显剂灌肠检查前常规行腹部检查,必要时联合会阴部扫查。扫查顺序为盲肠、升结肠、横结肠、降结肠及直肠、肛管并多切面缓慢扫查。超声助显剂灌肠检查:患者取截石位,将双腔输卵管通液管插入肛门内,用空针由导管向直肠内注入超声助显剂20~50 mL,边注入边用高频超声检查。分别于灌肠中、灌肠后10 min及灌肠后20 min后各灌肠1次,观察灌肠前后狭窄段、移行段及扩张段肠管的长度、管径、肠壁厚度等。

3. 超声助显剂灌肠的观察指标:①狭窄痉挛段部位、肠壁厚度、长度;②扩张肠管的扩张程度、扩张范围、管壁厚度;③肠管蠕动情况:狭窄痉挛段肠段有无走形僵硬,蠕动有无减弱或消失; ④肠腔内情况:未灌入超声助显剂时,可显示远端直肠痉挛狭窄,近端扩张,肠腔内为大量粪气回声,后方伴宽大声影;经肛门灌入超声助显剂后,助显剂能均匀分布于肠腔内,肠腔为均匀等回声填充。

4. 超声助显剂灌肠的声像图表现:①扩张段:扩张的管腔内可见密集等回声填充,动态状态下观察扩张段肠管蠕动减弱,腔内造影剂排空缓慢,肠管扩张管径为3~6 cm,肠壁水肿增厚约0.4 cm(正常为0.2 cm),扩张段长度无法测量;②移行段:呈漏斗型,长度为2~5 cm,外径为1.5~2.0 cm,此段肠壁僵硬,蠕动差;③痉挛段:长度一般为3~4 cm,痉挛段肠管横径为0.5~1.0cm,此段肠管管壁僵硬,未见蠕动,造影剂通过受阻;④全结肠型:整个结肠管径细小,肠腔内可见少许密集等回声助显剂填充,肠管外径为0.5~1.5 cm,管壁僵硬,蠕动减弱或消失;⑤短段型或超短型:我们采用腹部及会阴部联合扫查进行扫除,测量痉挛段及移行段的长度、管壁厚度、扩张段的扩张程度及肠腔情况等。见图 2


图 2 超声助显剂灌肠结果  A: 痉挛段位于位于降结肠中下段、乙状结肠及直肠;B: 痉挛段位于乙状结肠中下段及直肠;C: 痉挛段位于乙状结肠中下段及直肠;D: 痉挛段位于直肠盲端及肛管,细箭头所指部分为扩展的肠管,粗箭头所指部分为狭窄痉挛段,五边形所指为移行段 Fig.2 Results of ultrasound assisted enema   A: Spasm was located in middle/lower descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum; B: Spasm was located in middle/lower sigmoid colon and rectum; C: Spasm was located in middle/lower sigmoid colon and rectum; D: Spasm was located in middle/lower sigmoid colon and rectum.In blind ends of rectum and anal canal, slim arrows indicated expanded intestine, thick arrows stenotic & spasmic segment and pentagon transitional segment
三、统计分析

应用SPSS22.0进行统计学分析,计量数据用(x±s)表示,计数资料以频数或百分比表示。采用McNemar χ2检验。比较超声助显剂灌肠、X线钡灌肠及二者联合应用诊断先天性巨结肠的真阳性率。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果 一、直肠黏膜活检及病理结果

39例中常见型19例,长段型5例,超短型4例,短段型6例,全结肠5例。典型表现见图 3


图 3 直肠黏膜活检及病理结果  A、B: 病变肠段大体外观;C: 直肠黏膜活检HE染色(×40)肠黏膜层及黏膜下层未见神经节细胞;D: HE染色(×400),肠黏膜下层未见神经节细胞 Fig.3 Results of rectal mucosal biopsy and pathological examination   A & B: Gross appearance of diseased bowel; C: Rectal mucosal biopsy with HE staining magnification 40 times intestinal mucosal layer and submucosa without ganglion cells; D: HE staining magnification 400 times, no ganglionic cells were absent in intestinal submucosa
二、X线钡灌肠结果

39例中,X线钡灌肠诊断结果阳性35例,其中常见型18例,短段型5例,超短型3例,长段型4例,全结肠型5例。漏诊4例。典型表现见图 1

三、超声助显剂灌肠结果

超声助显剂灌肠诊断结果阳性36例,其中常见型19例,短段型6例,超短型4例,长段型4例,全结肠型3例。漏诊3例。典型表现见图 2

四、超声助显剂灌肠与X线钡灌肠两者联合诊断结果对比

本组39例先天性巨结肠患者中,两种检查方式联合诊断结果为阳性者38例,其中常见型19例,短段型6例,超短型4例,长段型4例,全结肠型5例。1例长段型漏诊(因新生儿肠管扩张不明显)。超声助显剂灌肠诊断先天性巨结肠真阳性率为92.3%(36/39)。两种检查方法联合诊断先天性巨结肠的真阳性率为97.4%(38/39),诊断效能比单用一种检查方法更高(P < 0.05)。

讨论

HSCR是小儿常见的先天性消化道畸形,男性多见,本组中男性约占79.5%。婴幼儿时期的HSCR患者主要表现为顽固性便秘及腹胀,后期常需要干预后才能正常排便。对于年龄较大的HSCR儿童,慢性便秘及经过灌肠或泻药干预后才能排便的病史有助于诊断,术前行直肠黏膜活检可确诊[12-15]。HSCR后期情况严重时常继发肠穿孔、腹膜炎等,故早期诊断及早期手术治疗有利于肠道功能的修复,从而提高治愈率,改善患者的生活质量。

目前临床上比较常用的检查方法包括X线钡灌肠、超声、直肠黏膜活检、肛门直肠测压等,其中直肠黏膜活检被认为是金标准[16, 17]。X线钡灌肠存在一定缺陷,尤其是在新生儿时期,超短及短段型因钡剂刺激导致狭窄段假性扩张,容易误诊或漏诊[18, 19]。直肠黏膜活检术也是常见的检查方式,但对于早产儿和低出生体重儿,其发育尚不完全,可能出现假阴性,且约2%的患者可出现出血、穿孔,严重者可致盆腔脓毒症并发症,且无法判断病变范围,超声联合钡灌肠检查能更加准确地在术前判断出病变的范围和程度[20]

X线钡灌肠检查无需特殊准备,常表现为痉挛段、移行段、近端结肠扩张及检查后一定时间内肠腔钡剂残留;透视状态下灌肠痉挛段肠管出现不规则收缩波。检查过程中可记录狭窄痉挛段累及范围,肠管狭窄扩张的程度等,本研究中35例确诊为先天性巨结肠,灵敏度为89.7%(35/39)。超声检查无创、安全、价廉、可重复,患者家属容易接受。检查前无需特殊处理,本组中新生儿HSCR14例,占总人数的36%,说明超声检查对早期诊断婴幼儿(特别是新生儿HSCR)尤为重要。

超声助显剂灌肠后更易于观察狭窄痉挛段及扩张段的长度、范围以及肠管扩张狭窄的程度,同时也有助于观察肠壁增厚的程度等,能够实时观察动态状态下扩张段及狭窄段的肠管活动情况,以防造影剂灌入后狭窄痉挛段造成假性扩张;亦便进行多次复查,观察并记录肠管的管径、管壁厚度及狭窄扩张的长度等。本文通过研究不同类型HSCR超声助显剂灌肠后的声像图,总结出不同类型HSCR的超声表现及超声检查技巧。

对于常见型及长段型的HSCR,乙状结肠或乙状结肠远端痉挛狭窄、近端结肠扩张的患者,超声助显剂灌肠后能够清晰判断扩张段肠管、移行段肠管及狭窄痉挛的肠管,提高肠管的显示率及其与周围组织的对比度。短段型及超短型HSCR近端直肠及结肠扩张,远端直肠痉挛细小,同样扩张程度的肠管管腔内为均匀等回声填充,狭窄痉挛段肠管萎瘪细小,造影剂排空受阻。因此,诊断HSCR最关键的要素是找到狭窄痉挛的肠管,建议采用腹部联合会阴部扫查,探头选用高频及C8-5小儿腹部探头增加肠管的显示率。全结肠型HSCR整段结肠管壁痉挛萎瘪、细小,超声助显剂灌肠后仍然显示小结肠全程细小、管壁僵硬,无明显蠕动,结肠腔内可见少许造影剂存留,未见明显扩张的肠管显示,较易诊断。但全结肠型HSCR与小肠闭锁容易混淆,前者肠管管径细小,管腔可见少许粪气回声,而小肠闭锁将导致全部结肠萎瘪、管径细小,造影前观察结肠内未见气体光带及肠内容物显示;后者闭锁远端小肠管径细小,管腔萎瘪陷。

综上所述,超声助显剂灌肠不仅能动态观察正常肠管的蠕动情况,还能清晰观察扩张段肠管、移行段肠管及狭窄痉挛段肠管的位置,可准确测量痉挛段肠管的管径、病变长度及管壁厚度等,并明确HSCR分型。本研究显示超声助显剂灌肠诊断准确率高于X线钡灌肠。两者结合可有效提高诊断准确率、敏感性及特异性,降低误诊及漏诊率。超声助显剂灌肠检查无创伤、无辐射、可重复、价格低廉,患者家属更容易接受,结合X线钡灌肠检查能为临床早期诊断及手术治疗提供更加可靠的影像学诊断依据。

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