临床小儿外科杂志  2020, Vol. 19 Issue (12): 1107-1112  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2020.12.009

引用本文  

杨庆林, 郭卫红, 张潍平, 等. 肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤一例报道并文献复习[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2020, 19(12): 1107-1112.
Yang QL, Guo WH, Zhang WP, et al. Intestinal infantile fibrosarcoma: a case report and literature review[J]. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Surgery, 2020, 19(12): 1107-1112.

基金项目

北京市医院管理局"扬帆计划"(编号:ZYLX201709):北京市医院管理局"登峰"人才培养计划(编号:DFL20151102)

通信作者

郭卫红, Email:guo_weihong@163.com
;
张潍平, Email:zhangwpp@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-10-08
肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤一例报道并文献复习
杨庆林1 , 郭卫红2 , 张潍平1 , 杜京斌2 , 严佳虞3 , 何乐建4     
1. 国家儿童医学中心, 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院泌尿外科(北京市, 100045);
2. 国家儿童医学中心, 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院新生儿外科(北京市, 100045);
3. 国家儿童医学中心, 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院普通外科(北京市, 100045);
4. 国家儿童医学中心, 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院病理科(北京市, 100045)
摘要目的 探讨肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤(infantile fibrosarcoma,IFS)的临床特征、诊治策略、病理特点及预后。方法 回顾性分析2019年4月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的1例肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤病例的临床资料,通过PubMed和万方数据库检索国内外肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤的相关文献,并进行数据分析。结果 患者男,1个月13天,便血3周入院,术前增强CT提示右下腹异常强化团块,部分伸入肠腔内,行腹腔镜探查并完整切除病变肠管,病理检查结果为婴儿型纤维肉瘤。术后随访6个月,复查腹部超声未见复发和转移。回顾本例及文献报道的19例肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤,多发病于生后7 d内(16/20,80.0%),以肠穿孔(9/20,45.0%)和肠梗阻(5/20,25.0%)为主要表现,14例行开腹手术治疗,3例行腹腔镜手术治疗,2例行开腹肿瘤切除+肠造瘘术,1例行开腹手术切除+二次手术+辅助化疗。病理学诊断结合组织学、免疫组化和分子诊断结果,发现肠道IFS的ETV6-NTRK3异位阳性率为46.1%(6/13)。所有患者预后良好。结论 肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤是一种罕见的软组织肉瘤,多于新生儿早期发病,需结合患者病情选择合适的手术方案,完整切除后整体预后良好。
关键词结肠肿瘤    纤维肉瘤/外科学    纤维肉瘤/病因学    治疗结果    
Intestinal infantile fibrosarcoma: a case report and literature review
Yang Qinglin1 , Guo Weihong2 , Zhang Weiping1 , Du Jingbin2 , Yan Jiayu3 , He Lejian4     
1. Department of Urology Surgery, National Center of Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China;
2. Department of Neonatal Surgery, National Center of Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China;
3. Department of General Surgery, National Center of Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China;
4. Department of Pathology, National Center of Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical manifestations, pathological features, treatments and outcomes of intestinal infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS). Methods In April 2019, clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for one case of intestinal infantile fibrosarcoma.And the relevant literature reports were retrieved through the databases of PubMed and Wanfang. Results One 43-day-old boy was hospitalized for 3-week hematochezia.Preoperative contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) hinted at a heterogeneously intensified mass in right lower abdomen with partial extension into enteric cavity.Laparoscopic exploration was performed and lesion completely resected.Pathological diagnosis confirmed IFS.During a follow-up period of 6 months, there was no sign of relapse or transformation on abdomen ultrasound.A total of 19 IFS cases were reported.Most cases (16/20, 80.0%) occurred within the first week after birth.There were intestinal enterobrosis (9/20, 45.0%) and intestinal obstruction (5/20, 25.0%).Surgery was effective while adjuvant chemotherapy was required for relapse.A definite diagnosis was dependent upon histology, immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnostics.Ectopia of ETV6-NTRK3 was detected in 46.1%(6/13) of intestinal IFS.The overall prognosis was decent. Conclusion Intestional IFS is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma usually occurring during early neonatal period.Proper surgical approach should be employed for complete lesion resection.And the overall prognosis is excellent.
Key words: Colonic Neoplasms    Fibrosarcoma/SU    Fibrosarcoma/ET    Treatment Outcome    

婴儿型纤维肉瘤(infantile fibrosarcoma, IFS)是一种罕见的恶性软组织肿瘤,在儿童肿瘤中占比 < 1%,多发病于1岁以内,又称先天性纤维肉瘤[1]。与成人纤维肉瘤不同,IFS恶性程度较低,90%以上的患者可以治愈[2]。大多数肿瘤位于四肢和躯干,表现为无痛性肿块,极少侵犯肠道。本文报道国内首例肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤,并复习相关文献,探讨其临床特征、诊治策略、病理特点及预后。

材料与方法 一、临床资料

患者,男,1个月13天,因便血3周入院。3周前无明显诱因出现少量红色血便,进食后加重,当地医院予禁食、禁水、胃肠减压,采用维生素K1止血治疗,患者大便转为暗红色。入院查体:口唇稍白,精神反应可,直肠指诊可见暗红色血便。实验室检查:血红蛋白82 g/L(正常值>110 g/L),神经元特异性烯醇化酶39.9 ng/ml(正常值5~15 ng/ml),其它检查结果无明显异常。腹部B超提示右下腹部异常肿胀肠袢,肠腔内多发息肉样病变,肠壁及息肉血供丰富。因怀疑肿瘤病变,行腹部增强CT提示右下腹部异常强化团块影,大小约18.5 mm×8.5 mm×8.9 mm,肠系膜下动脉分支供血,部分深入肠腔内,肿块局部与肠壁分界不清(图 1)。入院诊断:①消化道出血;②消化道肿物性质待查;③中度贫血。入院后予禁食、禁水、胃肠减压等保守治疗,完善检查,拟行腹腔镜探查术。


图 1 婴儿型纤维肉瘤患者术前腹部增强CT图 Fig.1 Abdomen contrast-enhanced CT  右下腹异常强化包块影,部分伸入肠腔内,包块大小约18.5 mm×8.5 mm×8.9 mm,肠系膜下动脉分支供血
二、手术方法

静脉吸入复合麻醉后取仰卧位,建立气腹并放置Trocar及腹腔镜器械。腹腔镜下先探查右下腹回盲部区域,回肠末端、回盲部、升结肠等常见出血性疾病(梅克尔憩室、肠重复畸形、血管瘤)好发部位均未见异常;转而探查左下腹区域,可见乙状结肠和降结肠交界处肠管增粗,触及肠腔内包块,腹腔内未见其他病灶及肿大淋巴结。扩大脐部切口将其提出,打开肠壁可见息肉样改变,较大者为1.0 cm×0.7 cm×0.6 cm,周围肠壁存在腺瘤样改变,完整切除病变所在肠管(约6 cm)。端端吻合结肠并缝合系膜裂孔,查腹腔内无活动性出血,拔除Trocar并关闭Trocar口。

三、文献检索

通过PubMed和万方数据库,检索国内外肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤的相关文献,因肠道病变位置不一,检索词为“infantile fibrosarcoma” “congenital fibrosarcoma”“婴儿型纤维肉瘤”,并从中筛选肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤的病例。

结果 一、病理检查

肉眼见灰粉质软肠管一段,肠壁不规则增厚,增厚区旁可见息肉样隆起1枚,大小为1.0 cm×0.7 cm×0.6 cm(图 2)。镜下见肿瘤主要位于肠壁黏膜下,局部浸润肌层至浆膜外,呈实性、弥漫分布,瘤细胞呈梭形或卵圆形,局部排列呈束状或鲱鱼骨状,核浆比高,病理性核分裂像易见,间质中见扩张的不规则分支血管(图 3)。免疫组化:Vimentin(+),SMA(局灶+),Catenin(+),CD99(+),Desmin(-),CD117(-),DOG1(-),CD34(-),ALK(-),INI-1(+),CK(AE1/AE3)(-),EMA(-),S-100(-),Ki-67(15%+),CD21(-),TLE1(+),Calponin(-),WT1(-),EBER(-),BcL-2(-),STAT6(-),SOX10(-)。荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH):染色体ETV6-NTRK3基因位点无断裂易位。


图 2 婴儿型纤维肉瘤患者切除肿瘤及病变肠管 Fig.2 Lesion resection and gross inspection


图 3 婴儿型纤维肉瘤患者病理形态学结果 Fig.3 Histopathological examination  A:致密的梭形细胞呈束状交错排列,呈“鲱鱼骨样”结构(HE染色,×200);B:核浆比高,易见病理性核分裂像(HE染色,×200);C和D:间质中见扩张的不规则分支血管(HE染色,×400)
二、随访结果

患者未予放疗或化疗。术后1个月、3个月、6个月门诊复查,未出现便血等不适,复查血常规无贫血,复查腹部超声未见复发与转移,需进一步长期随访。

三、文献分析

文献检索发现截止2019年9月,仅有19例肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤病例报道,均为国外文献,结合本例共20例,临床资料见表 1。其中12例肿瘤(12/20, 60.0%)位于小肠(回肠8例,空肠3例,十二指肠1例),6例(6/20, 30.0%)位于结肠(乙状结肠3例,结肠脾曲2例,结肠肝曲1例),2例(2/20, 10.0%)位于回盲部。男童11例(55.0%),女童9例(45.0%)。患者均行手术治疗,其中14例行开腹肠切除肠吻合术,3例行腹腔镜探查+肠切除肠吻合术,2例行开腹肿瘤切除+肠造瘘术,1例行开腹手术切除+二次手术+辅助化疗。患者手术切除肿瘤的平均长径为35.4 mm,有2例长径不详。除1例远端肠系膜淋巴结转移及1例未提及外,随访3~300个月后,所有患者预后良好,无转移复发。

表 1 截至2019年9月文献报道的肠道IFS临床资料 Table 1 Clinical profiles of intestinal IFS reported in literature up until September 2019
讨论

婴儿型纤维肉瘤(infantile fibrosarcoma, IFS)是一种罕见的软组织肉瘤,最早由Stout于1962年报道,发病率约5/1 000 000[12, 17]。世界卫生组织界定5岁以下的纤维肉瘤为IFS,约80%的患者在1岁内诊断,约40%的患者于出生时诊断[18]。回顾肠道IFS,通常于新生儿早期发病,出生后7 d内发病者占80%(16/20),其中5例在出生时即发病。目前IFS的病因尚不明确,有报道称与母亲孕期接触石油制品有关[20]

婴儿型纤维肉瘤通常生长于皮下组织,表现为无痛性肿块,在四肢远端最为常见,其次是躯干中轴部位和头颈部,也有报道发病于腹膜后、肠系膜、口腔等部位[18, 19]。发病于肠道的婴儿型纤维肉瘤非常少见,回顾本研究报道的肠道IFS,多位于小肠,其次为结肠、回盲部,临床表现以肠穿孔、肠梗阻为主,穿孔可能是肿瘤破裂和肠壁缺血所致,可引发胎粪性腹膜炎。瘤体巨大者,患者以腹胀为首发表现,多为不全梗阻。位于回盲部的IFS需格外关注,Obayashi等[8]报道一例回盲部IFS引发肠套叠。Zeytun等[7]报道一例体格检查发现的无症状回盲部IFS,肿瘤直径55 mm,远大于表现穿孔和梗阻的IFS(平均直径分别为17.4 mm和20.7 mm),其阴性症状可能与回盲部的特殊位置有关。此外,Kim等[6]报道一例结肠IFS,仅表现为气腹,考虑可能存在肠壁的微小穿孔。本例患者肿瘤长径10 mm,是首例以单纯便血为表现的肠道IFS,可能与肿瘤上皮受损有关。婴幼儿期便血的常见原因包括坏死性小肠结肠炎、肠扭转、牛奶过敏、梅克尔憩室炎、肠重复畸形等,以肿瘤发病的病例极少,因此对于不明原因的婴幼儿便血,需警惕肠道IFS[21]

常用的影像学检查包括超声、CT和MRI,但其特异性差,诊断价值有限。IFS的超声表现多为低回声或无回声的软组织包块,周围血流信号增加[22]。产检超声有一定的提示作用,Parmar等[5]报道一例长径130 mm的结肠IFS,产检超声发现羊水过多;Shima等[14]报道一例肠穿孔致胎粪性腹膜炎的空肠IFS,产检超声发现羊水过多和胎儿腹水。关于CT的影像学特点描述较少,本例患者行增强CT后发现肠腔肿物,不规则强化,由肠系膜下动脉分支供血。MRI对软组织的成像较好,是首选的影像学检查,Lee等[22]报道四肢IFS表现为T1低信号和T2高信号的软组织包块,周围可见血管信号,注射造影剂后呈不均匀强化。

病理检查是诊断婴儿型纤维肉瘤的金标准,需结合组织学、免疫组化和分子诊断。显微镜下可见致密的梭形细胞呈束状排列,形成“鲱鱼骨样”结构,有丝分裂程度高,周围血管丰富,可伴有出血、坏死等,与本例的组织学特征一致。IFS需与其他梭形细胞肿瘤如炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤、婴幼儿纤维瘤病、梭形细胞横纹肌肉瘤、胃肠道间质瘤等相鉴别。免疫组化结果中,IFS通常表现为Vimentin(+),部分病例表现为SMA(+)、H-caldesmon(+),其余Desmin、Myogenin、S-100、CD117、CD34等多为阴性,与本例患者相符[13]。分子诊断是IFS的重要诊断工具,IFS存在染色体易位(12; 15)(p13; q25),可将转录调节因子(ETV6)的二聚结构域与膜受体酪氨酸激酶(NTRK3)融合[24]。最近有报道在炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤中也发现ETV6-NTRK3异位,但其ALK呈阴性,可综合判断[25]。本例患者未发现ETV6-NTRK3异位,而回顾所有病例发现,ETV6-NTRK3异位阳性率为46.1%(6/13)。Berrebi等[13]指出存在一种发病于肠道的临床病理类型,其组织学与IFS相似,但没有ETV6-NTRK3异位。本例患者结合组织学、免疫组化和分子诊断,经3家医院病理科联合会诊后,诊断为婴儿型纤维肉瘤。

婴儿型纤维肉瘤的主要治疗方法为根治性手术切除,如果切缘病理为阴性,则无需化疗或放疗[20, 26]。当影响重要器官或肿瘤因体积过大而不能完整切除时,可行辅助化疗,常用的化疗方案包括VAC(长春新碱、放线菌素D、环磷酰胺)、AVCP方案(阿霉素、长春新碱、环磷酰胺、顺铂)等。回顾肠道IFS病例, 大部分患者(14/20, 70.0%)行开腹探查肠切除肠吻合术,其中1例因感染严重行肠切除后造瘘术,1例因肿瘤过大止血困难,行肠造瘘术并分期切除。1例首次手术肿物切缘阳性,残留灶继发肠梗阻而行二次手术,病理活检提示肠系膜远端淋巴结转移,予长春新碱、阿霉素和环磷酰胺化疗。2例有肠梗阻表现的患者行腹腔镜探查+肠切除肠吻合术。最佳手术方式的选择需结合患者病情及腹部情况综合考虑,如患者病情危重、瘤体过大、腹腔粘连严重,首选开腹手术,必要时行分期手术或肠造瘘术。如不能判定肿物边界,术中务必行冰冻病理检查以完整切除。本例患者术前影像学检查提示肿物位于右下腹,因其性质未定而行腹腔镜手术,反复探查后确定病变位于左下腹乙状结肠和降结肠交界处,未见其他病灶,扩大切口将其提出并完整切除。术前与术中病变位置不一,可能与乙状结肠活动致位置改变有关,如盲目开腹手术会增加手术难度和对患者的创伤。因此,建议病情平稳且腹部粘连少的患者可先行腹腔镜探查。

与成人纤维肉瘤相比,婴儿型纤维肉恶性程度低,预后更好,5年生存率约为90%,转移以躯干IFS的轴向转移为主,转移率为5%,原位复发率为5% ~40%[27, 28]。20例肠道IF患者随访3~300个月后,除1例发生肠系膜远端淋巴结转移予辅助化疗外,其余患者未行化疗或放疗,未发现复发和转移。本例患者未予放疗或化疗,预后良好,将继续随访监测病情。

综上所述,肠道的婴儿型纤维肉瘤是一种罕见的软组织肉瘤。本文报道了国内首例肠道婴儿型纤维肉瘤并回顾相关文献,旨在加深对于本病认识,以减少误诊。肠道IFS多于新生儿早期发病,主要表现为肠穿孔和肠梗阻,可结合患者病情选择合适的手术方案,必要时行辅助化疗。肠道IFS恶性程度低,完整切除后预后良好,复发和转移少。IFS常伴有ETV6-NTRK3异位,但在肠道IFS中ETV6-NTRK3异位比例不高,因此需结合组织学、免疫组化、分子诊断等进一步明确诊断。

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