临床小儿外科杂志  2020, Vol. 19 Issue (10): 909-915  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2020.10.009

引用本文  

马秋红, 金科, 向永华, 等. 3例儿童Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌CT表现及文献复习[J]. 临床小儿外科杂志, 2020, 19(10): 909-915.
Ma QH, Jin K, Xiang YH, et al. Computed tomography features of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/FE3 gene fusions:three cases report and literature review[J]. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Surgery, 2020, 19(10): 909-915.

基金项目

湖南省卫生健康委员会一般科研项目(编号:B2017112)

通信作者

金科,Email:jinke001@sina.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-09-24
3例儿童Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌CT表现及文献复习
马秋红 , 金科 , 向永华 , 李理     
湖南省儿童医院放射科(湖南省长沙市,410007)
摘要目的 分析儿童Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌CT表现,以提高该病的诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院2011年1月至2019年6月经手术病理确诊的3例Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌患儿的影像学资料; 检索万方、CNKI、迈特思创、Pubmed数据库截止2019年11月关于儿童Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的相关文献并进行分析。分析Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌瘤体的部位、大小、形态、密度(钙化、出血、囊变坏死)、强化方式及转移情况等临床资料。结果 通过文献检索,联合本研究收集的3例Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌患儿进行综合分析,共纳入19例患儿,其中女童8例,男童11例; 15例行CT平扫及增强扫描,仅1例行CT增强扫描; 4例行MRI检查; 右肾10例,左肾9例,均为单发; 4例位于肾髓质内,14例位于肾皮髓质内,1例位于皮质。12例呈类圆形,7例呈不规则形。15例CT平扫发现8例呈稍高密度,7例呈等低密度; 病例中有12例出现钙化; 10例合并出血; 16例出现囊变坏死。4例MRI检查示T1WI及T2WI均呈不均匀信号,1例中度不均匀持续强化,1例明显不均匀持续强化。CT动态增强扫描示病灶强化不均匀,6例轻度强化,4例中度强化,6例明显强化。各期强化程度均低于正常肾皮质,6例皮髓质期及延迟期呈渐进式持续强化; 8例皮质期强化高于髓质期,延迟期强化稍低于髓质期,强化程度逐渐减低; 2例各期强化无明显变化。10例出现腹膜后及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,其中1例肝脏受累,1例颈部淋巴结转移,4例腔静脉受累,1例2个月后子宫转移,1例死亡。结论 儿童Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌CT表现具有一定的特征性,特别是在儿童中发现肾脏肿瘤,应重点考虑Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的可能。
关键词肾肿瘤    体层摄影术,X线计算机    易位,遗传    基因融合    儿童    
Computed tomography features of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/FE3 gene fusions:three cases report and literature review
Ma Qiuhong , Jin Ke , Xiang Yonghua , Li Li     
Department of Radiology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the computed tomography (CT) features of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusions for enhancing its diagnostic level in children. Methods from January 2011 to June 2019, retrospective analysis was performed for clinical data of 3 operatively and pathologically confirmed cases of RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusions.The databases of Wanfang, CNKI, METSTR and PubMed were searched for the literature reports of pediatric RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusions up until November 2019.The location, size, contour, density (calcification, hemorrhage & cystic necrosis), enhancement mode and metastasis of Xp11.2 translocation TFE3 fusion-related RCC were analyzed. Results There were 11 boys and 8 girls.The imaging modalities were plain & enhanced CT (n=15), enhanced CT alone (n=1) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, n=4).The involved side was right (n=10) and left (n=9).The solitary lesions were located in medulla (n=4), cortex & medulla (n=14) and cortex (n=1).And the contours were round-like (n=12) and irregular (n=7).Plain CT scans indicated slightly high density (n=8), isolow density (n=7), calcification (n=12), hemorrhage (n=10) and cystic necrosis (n=16).And MRI hinted at nonhomogeneous signal on T1WI/T2WI (n=4), moderate nonhomogeneous continuous enhancement (n=1) and obvious nonhomogeneous continuous enhancement (n=1).Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scans revealed uneven enhancement of focus.And the enhancements were slight (n=6), moderate (n=4) and significant (n=6).The enhancement degree of each phase was lower than that of normal renal cortex.In 6 cases, there were progressive and continuous enhancements during cortex medulla and delayed phases; In 8 cases, there were higher enhancement during cortex phase than that during medulla phase, slightly lower enhancement during delayed phase than that during medulla phase and enhancement degree decreased gradually; In 2 cases, no significant change occurred during each phase.There were retroperitoneal and paraaortic lymph node metastasis (n=10), hepatic involvement (n=1), neck lymph node metastasis (n=1), vena cava involvement (n=4), uterus metastasis at 2 months (n=1) and death (n=1). Conclusion The CT features of pediatric RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusions have some unique characteristics.Especially in children, the possibility of RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusions should be considered.
Key words: Kidney Neoplasms    Tomography, X-Ray Computed    Translocation, Genetic    Gene Fusion    Child    

Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌简称Xp11.2易位性肾癌,是肾癌的一种少见亚型,2004年首次于世界卫生组织肾癌病理组织学分类中出现,2016年被纳入家族性MiT易位性肾细胞癌[1]。Xp11.2易位性肾癌较罕见,主要发生于儿童和青少年,成人中女性多于男性,儿童患者中男女性差别不大,儿童肾癌中约1/3为Xp11.2易位性肾癌[2, 3]。本研究回顾性分析湖南省儿童医院2011年1月至2019年6月经手术病理确诊的3例儿童Xp11.2易位性肾癌CT表现,并结合相关文献进行分析,探讨CT对该病的诊断价值及鉴别诊断,以提高诊断的准确性。

材料与方法 一、一般资料

收集2011年1月至2019年6月湖南省儿童医院经手术病理确诊的3例Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌患儿临床资料,其中男童2例,女童1例,年龄分别为2岁1个月、9岁8个月、2岁9个月。临床表现:2例出现无痛性血尿,1例腰部及腹部疼痛。3例均行根治性手术治疗,完整切除病灶后病理证实为Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌。

二、CT检查

采用飞利浦64排Brilliance双螺旋CT扫描仪,扫描范围从膈顶至盆腔膀胱水平,行肾脏多期动态增强扫描。扫描参数:管电压120 kV,管电流80~100 mA,层厚层间距5 mm,螺距1.5。动态增强扫描时自肘静脉经高压注射器注射非离子碘对比剂碘海醇(300 mg I/mL),1.0~1.5 mL/kg,流速为0.5~2.0 mL/s。利用系统重建软件行冠矢状位图像重建。

三、图像分析

由两名经验丰富的儿童腹部专业放射科医师共同阅片,当诊断意见不一致时,由两名医师协商决定。重点观察病灶的部位(右肾、左肾或双肾)、大小(最大横截面测量)、形态(类圆形或不规则形)、钙化(CT值>130 HU)、出血(CT值50~60 HU)、囊变坏死(CT值0~20 HU)、强化程度方式(皮髓质期强化较平扫CT值增加10~20 HU为轻度强化,增加21~40 HU为中度强化,>40 HU为明显强化)以及转移情况等。

四、病理检查

肉眼观察:肿瘤切面多呈灰白、灰褐色,质软,局部可见出血、坏死、囊变等。部分肿瘤与肾实质边界欠清晰。镜下:肿瘤细胞胞质丰富,大部分为胞浆透亮癌细胞,部分为嗜酸性颗粒状胞浆,肿瘤细胞排列呈实性巢状、乳突状和假乳突状,核仁大且明显,瘤巢区域见砂砾体,伴出血坏死。免疫组化:TFE3(2+)、Ki-67(5%+)、Vim(3+)、CK(区域+)、INI-1(3+)均阳性。1例EMA(灶+),1例CEA(灶+),1例CD10(3+),2例CyclinD1(2+)(图 1)。


图 1 Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌病理检查结果 Fig.1 Histopathological examination of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/FE3 gene fusions   A:镜下肿瘤呈乳头状,瘤体细胞胞浆大部分为透亮的癌细胞,部分有嗜酸性颗粒状胞浆,核仁大、明显,区域见砂砾体,伴出血坏死(HE染色,×100); B:TFE3免疫组化染色,镜下瘤体细胞呈棕褐色阳性染色(×100)
五、文献检索

通过检索万方、CNKI、迈特思创、Pubmed数据库,检索关键词:Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/ TFE3 gene fusion)。剔除成人(>18岁)病例及无法获得临床、影像学资料的儿童病例,共检索出16例。

结果 一、本研究及文献病例CT表现

19例均为单发病灶,其中右肾10例,左肾9例,19个病灶大小不等,最大横径为2.1~17.2 cm,平均5.7 cm。4例位于肾髓质内,14例位于肾皮髓质内,1例位于皮质。12例呈类圆形,7例呈不规则形,部分可见分叶。CT平扫8例呈稍高密度(8/15,53.3%),7例呈等低密度(7/15,46.7%); 12例出现钙化(12/19,63.2%); 10例合并出血(10/19,52.6%); 16例出现囊变坏死(16/19,84.2%)。4例MRI检查示T1WI及T2WI均呈不均匀信号,1例中度不均匀持续强化,1例明显不均匀持续强化。CT动态增强扫描示病灶强化不均匀,6例轻度强化,4例中度强化,6例明显强化。肿瘤实性部分各期强化程度均低于正常肾皮质,6例肿瘤实性部分皮髓质期及延迟期呈渐进式持续强化(6/16,37.5%),8例肿瘤实性部分皮质期强化高于髓质期,延迟期强化稍低于髓质期,强化程度呈逐渐减低趋势(8/16,50.0%); 2例各期强化无明显变化(2/16,12.5%)(图 2~图 4)。13例见完整或不完整“假包膜征” (13/19,68.4%)。10例出现腹膜后及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移(10/19,52.6%),部分淋巴结可见钙化,1例肝脏受累,1例颈部淋巴结转移,4例腔静脉受累,1例2个月后子宫转移,1例死亡(表 1)。


图 2 Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌CT图 Fig.2 CT features of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/FE3 gene fusions   病例1,因无痛性血尿6 d入院,B超发现左肾占位3 d。2A:CT平扫轴位示左肾肿块,病灶中心位于肾髓质内,平扫密度稍增高(箭头处,CT值约56 HU); 2B:肾门及腹膜后区可见肿大淋巴结影(箭头处); 2C、2D:动态增强扫描示肿块实性部分可见明显不均匀强化(CT值约121HU),强化程度低于肾皮质,高于肾髓质; 2E:延迟期示实性部分强化稍减低(CT值约108 HU),低于皮髓质,边界清晰,可见“假包膜征”; 2F:冠状位重建示病变侵犯左肾髓质


图 3 Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌CT图 Fig.3 CT features of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/FE3 gene fusions   病例2,因腹痛、腰痛10余天入院。3A:CT平扫轴位示左肾肿块,呈囊实性密度,囊性CT值约14 HU,实性CT值约43 HU; 3B:动态增强扫描示肿块实性部分呈明显不均匀强化(CT值约140 HU),强化达高峰值,程度低于肾皮质,高于肾髓质; 3C:延迟期示肿块实性部分强化稍减低(CT值约71 HU),低于皮髓质,边界清晰,可见“假包膜征”; 3D、3E、3F:冠矢状位重建示病变外生型、主要侵犯左肾皮质


图 4 Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌CT图 Fig.4 CT features of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/FE3 gene fusions   病例3,因无痛性血尿4 d入院,B超发现左肾占位3 d。4A:CT平扫轴位示左肾肿块,病灶中心位于肾髓质内,平扫密度稍增高(白箭头,CT值约51 HU),腹膜后可见肿大淋巴结并钙化(黑箭头); 4B:动态增强扫描示肿块实性部分呈明显不均匀强化(CT值约118 HU),实性部分强化达高峰值,程度低于肾皮质; 4C:延迟期示肿块实性部分强化程度较前稍均匀、减低(CT值约65 HU),低于皮髓质,边界清晰,可见“假包膜”征; 4D、4E、4F:冠状位重建示病变侵犯左肾髓质,边缘见小点片状钙化灶(白箭头)

表 1 截至2019年11月文献报道的儿童Xp11.2易位性肾癌影像学表现 Table 1 Computed tomography manifestations of pediatric Xp11.2 translocation RCC reported in literature up until November 2019
讨论 一、流行病学及临床特点

临床上Xp11.2易位性肾癌非常罕见,本病主要发生于儿童和年轻女性,而其他常见类型肾癌主要发生于成年人[14]。有研究者发现该病的发生可能与儿童时期化疗史有关,但本研究病例均无化疗史,检索文献中有1例因淋巴瘤化疗时发现右肾占位[4, 15]。该病临床表现无特异性,可表现为肉眼无痛性血尿、腰痛、腹部肿块等,部分为偶然发现,本组病例中有4例患儿出现无痛性血尿,8例表现为腰痛及腹痛,4例触及腹部包块,1例尿失禁,1例因病毒性脑炎住院、1例因肺炎住院,与文献报道相符[16]

二、CT表现及特征

① 形态及部位:儿童Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌多起源于肾髓质,多为类圆形或不规则形,瘤体大时突破包膜向外生长,边界尚清晰,即“假包膜征”[17]。瘤体较大时可压迫邻近血管。4例病变中心位于髓质内,14例位于皮髓质,1例位于皮质。②密度:Xp11.2易位性肾癌平扫时多呈稍高密度影,此征象可作为诊断Xp11.2易位性肾癌的重要诊断依据之一。这可能是因为肿瘤内含丰富蛋白或伴有出血、含铁血黄素沉积。本组病例中有8例平扫密度稍高(8/15, 53.3%),与文献报道相符[18]。7例呈等低密度影。③钙化:Koo等[4]报道肿瘤中心及周边点状、斑片状钙化灶可提示Xp11.2易位性肾癌,钙化形态可表现为沙粒状、弧形蛋壳样及星芒样等多种形式,其钙化率高于其它亚型肾癌[19]。另有文献报道当儿童或青少年患肾脏肿瘤,平扫瘤体呈稍高密度影且出现钙化灶时,应高度怀疑Xp11.2易位性肾癌。本文中共有12例出现不同形态钙化灶(12/19,63.2%),此征象与文献报道一致[5]。④囊变与坏死:瘤体体积较大时易出现囊变、坏死,瘤体较小时囊变、坏死少见。本组囊变坏死较多见,其中有16例出现囊变坏死(16/19,84.2%),笔者分析可能是由于Xp11.2易位性肾癌轻中度血供较多见,瘤内更易出现坏死,此征象与国内外文献报道相符[20, 21]。⑤强化方式:增强扫描示实性部分均呈不均匀强化,实性部分各期强化程度均较正常肾皮质低,其中轻中度强化10例,明显强化6例。本文中动态增强扫描肿瘤强化方式主要有三类:第一,6例肿瘤实性部分皮髓质期及延迟期呈渐进式持续强化(6/16,37.5%)[15, 18]; 与卢伟光等[22]报道的“快进慢出”、渐进式强化方式相符。第二,8例肿瘤实性部分皮质期强化高于髓质期,延迟期强化稍低于髓质期,强化程度呈逐渐减低趋势(8/16,50.0%),与张旭婷等[23]、Chen等[24]报道的强化方式类似,本院3例肿瘤均属于此类型强化方式; 第三,2例动态增强各期强化无明显变化(2/16,12.5%)[10, 13]。有文献报道囊实性肿块不均匀强化,呈结节状、分隔样强化[25]。笔者分析儿童Xp11.2易位性肾癌强化方式多样,但以轻中度强化为主,主要原因可能与肿瘤内轻中度供血模式、肿瘤细胞的成分及排列有关,此外可能还与CT检查仪器及参数有关。延迟期肿瘤边界清晰、呈“假包膜征”改变,此征象可作为诊断Xp11.2易位性肾癌的又一重要诊断依据。本文中有13例出现该征象(13/19,68.4%),与文献报道一致[26]。⑥MRI表现:检索文献中有4例肿瘤MRI信号不均匀,T1WI呈不均匀稍高信号,T2WI呈不均匀稍低信号,提示瘤体内出血,可能与含铁血黄素沉积有关,增强呈不均匀渐进式持续性强化改变[6-8]。⑦转移情况:Xp11.2易位性肾癌易出现转移,以淋巴结转移多见,预后较差,当儿童或年轻女性肾脏肿瘤出现转移时可提示该病[6, 8]。本组病例中10例出现腹膜后腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,并部分淋巴结钙化,1例肝脏受累,1例出现颈部淋巴结转移,4例出现腔静脉癌栓,当有癌栓形成时则提示预后较差,1例随访2个月后出现子宫转移,1例死亡[27, 28]

三、鉴别诊断

儿童Xp11.2易位性肾癌主要需要与以下肿瘤鉴别:①肾母细胞瘤:其是儿童肾脏最常见的肿瘤。影像学上儿童Xp11.2易位性肾癌与肾母细胞瘤难以鉴别,最终依靠病理检查来鉴别。前者发病年龄一般较后者大,前者常因血尿发现,后者常因触及包块而发现。平扫时前者密度稍高,且钙化更常见,动态增强各期强化程度均低于肾皮质,高于肾髓质,呈渐进式持续强化或延迟期强化程度稍减低,强化程度一般高于肾母细胞瘤。②乳头状肾细胞癌:儿童中极少见,为乏血供肿瘤,增强各期强化程度均低于正常肾皮质,强化程度低于Xp11.2易位性肾癌[29]。③肾透明细胞肉瘤:比较罕见,2岁为发病高峰期,易发生骨转移。液化坏死范围更大、更常见,血供丰富,实性部分强化明显,呈云絮状、虎斑样改变[30]。④肾横纹肌样瘤:为高度恶性肿瘤,较早发生转移。肿瘤主要位于肾中心且易累及肾门,呈膨胀性生长,包膜下积液,呈分叶状改变,常伴有颅内肿瘤。

综上,儿童Xp11.2易位性肾癌临床上罕见,若儿童肾脏肿瘤主要位于皮髓质内,平扫密度稍高,钙化多见且形态多样,有出血性坏死囊变,增强呈轻中度不均匀强化,且各期强化程度均低于肾皮质,高于肾髓质,呈渐进式持续性强化或延迟期强化程度稍减低趋势,出现淋巴结转移,应考虑Xp11.2易位TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的可能。

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