临床小儿外科杂志  2020, Vol. 19 Issue (7): 579-585
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儿童发育性髋关节脱位切开复位手术后髋关节功能不满意的风险因素分析
刘远忠 , 黎艺强 , 荀福兴 , 李敬春 , 袁哲 , 刘雁寒 , 林雪梅 , 徐宏文     
广州市妇女儿童医疗中心儿童骨科(广东省广州市, 510623)
摘要目的 研究发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)切开复位术后髋关节功能不满意的风险因素。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2015年12月我院收治的采用切开复位治疗且符合纳入标准的63例(76髋)DDH患者临床资料,平均手术年龄(48.8±26.3)个月。按手术方式分为单纯切开复位组、骨盆Salter/Pemberton截骨组以及骨盆三联截骨组。通过X线片评估患髋术前的骨性髋臼指数(acetabular index,AI)、Tönnis分级、术后AI、中心边缘角(center edge angle,CEA)、股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of the femoral epiphysis,AVN)和Severin影像学评级。根据患髋的功能评估结果确定髋关节是否存在关节功能不满意,并分析年龄、性别、侧别、术前AI、Tönnis分级、治疗方式(骨盆截骨方式和股骨截骨)、AVN与DDH术后髋关节功能不满意之间的关系。结果 末次随访时,22髋(28.9%)出现关节功能不满意。关节功能不满意组的年龄[(53.9±23.0)]个月显著大于功能满意组[(42.4±23.9)]个月,差异有统计学意义(P=0.036)。单纯切开复位组的关节功能不满意发生率(0%)显著低于骨盆Salter/Pemberton截骨组(34.8%)和骨盆三联截骨组(35.3%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.039)。有股骨截骨的患者髋关节功能不满意发生率(38.5%)显著高于无股骨截骨者(8.3%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.013)。18髋(23.7%)出现AVN,有AVN的患者关节功能不满意发生率(64.7%)显著高于无AVN组(19.3%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。术前AI、性别、侧别、Tönnis脱位程度分级与关节功能不满意的发生率无关。结论 骨盆截骨、股骨截骨、AVN是导致DDH切开复位术后髋关节功能不满意的风险因素。
关键词髋脱位/外科学; 髋关节/康复; 病人满意度
Risk factors for unsatisfactory postoperative hip function in children with developmental dysplasia of the hip after open reduction
Liu Yuanzhong , Li Yiqiang , Xun Fuxing , Li Jingchun , Yuan Zhe , Liu Yanhan , Lin Xuemei , Xu Hongwen     
Guangzhou Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the risk factors of unsatisfactory postoperative hip function after open reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Methods From 2008 to 2015, a retrospective review was performed for clinical and radiographic data of 63 hospitalized children after open reduction.There were 76 hips with a mean age of (48.8±26.3) months.Pre-operative acetabular index (AI), Tönnis grade, final AI, center edge angle (CEA), avascular necrosis of femoral epiphysis (AVN) and Severin grade were evaluated by radiographic measurements.Unsatisfactory hip function was determined according to functional evaluation.Chi-square test, t-test and logistic regression were employed for analyzing the correlation of rate of unsatisfactory hip function with age, gender, sideness, Tönnis grade, treatment method (pelvic/femoral osteotomy) and AVN. Results During the final follow-up, 22 hips (28.9%) were diagnosed as having unsatisfactory hip function.The age was significantly higher in children with unsatisfactory hip function than that without (53.9±23.0 vs.42.4±23.9 months, P=0.036).The incidence of unsatisfactory hip function undergoing open reduction alone (0%) was significant lower than that of open reduction plus Salter/Pemberton (34.8%) or triple pelvic osteotomy (35.3%) (P=0.039).Femoral osteotomy also boosted the incidence of unsatisfactory hip function (38.5% vs.8.3%) (P=0.013).AVN occurred in 18 hips (23.7%).The rate of unsatisfactory hip function in children with AVN was significantly higher than those without AVN (64.7% vs.19.3%, P=0.001).There was no correlation of rate of unsatisfactory hip function with preoperative AI, gender, sideness or Tönnis grade. Conclusion Pelvic osteotomy, femoral osteotomy and AVN are independent risk factors of unsatisfactory hip function in children after open reduction for late-detected DDH.
Key words: Hip Dislocation/SU; Hip Joint/RH; Patient Satisfaction

发育性髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip, DDH)是儿童常见的下肢畸形,表现为股骨头和髋臼之间位置关系的异常,包括髋臼发育不良、髋关节半脱位和全脱位[1, 2]。目前,对于月龄大于18~24个月的DDH患者,国内外多建议采用切开复位进行治疗,有的在切开复位的同时还进行了骨盆截骨矫形和股骨短缩去旋转截骨术,多数患者可以取得良好疗效[1, 2]

然而,在临床实践中,切开复位术后的DDH患者经常出现髋关节的活动受限,严重者会出现明显的关节僵硬。据报道,20%的DDH患者切开复位术后出现关节僵硬[3]。此外,目前DDH切开复位术后髋关节功能不满意的风险因素的相关研究不多,本研究将回顾性分析在我院采用切开复位治疗的DDH患者临床资料,探讨DDH患者切开复位手术后髋关节功能不满意的风险因素。

材料与方法 一、临床资料

回顾性分析2008年1月至2015年12月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心收治的采用切开复位治疗的151例(172髋)DDH患者的临床资料。入选标准:①诊断为DDH;②手术年龄18个月以上;③采用切开复位进行治疗;④随访2年以上;⑤有完整的影像学资料和功能评估资料。排除标准:①患者已经在外院行切开复位,因再脱位来我院就诊;②合并马蹄内翻足、脊柱侧弯、多关节挛缩等其它畸形;③合并脑瘫、脊髓栓系等神经肌肉性疾病。

63例(76髋)符合入选标准,平均手术年龄(48.8± 26.3)个月,其中女51例(81.0%),男12例(19.0%)。左侧30例(47.6%),右侧20例(31.7%),双侧13例(20.7%)。平均随访时间(39.4±23.9)个月。

63例均采用切开复位治疗,部分患者切开复位时还同期进行骨盆截骨矫形(Salter截骨[4]、Pemberton截骨[5]或Bernese三联截骨[6])和股骨短缩去旋转截骨矫形术。

二、评价指标

术前常规行骨盆X线检查,在骨盆正位片上测量骨性髋臼指数(acetabular index,AI),并采用Tönnis分级方法评价股骨头脱位的严重程度[7]

末次随访时在骨盆正位X线片上,根据Kalamchi and MacEwen法评价有无股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of the femoral epiphysis, AVN)[8]。1型AVN被认为是暂时性的缺血改变,可以完全修复,因此我们认为1型AVN是正常的[9]。末次复查时测量AI和中心边缘角(center edge angle, CEA),并根据Severin影像学评级方法对每个髋关节进行分级,Severin Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级判定为影像学结果满意,Severin Ⅲ级~Ⅵ级判定为影像学结果不满意[10]

髋关节功能不满意的判定标准:首先评估患髋的临床功能状况,然后根据患髋的功能评分确定是否存在髋关节功能不满意。患髋的临床功能评估采用1993年全国小儿髋关节专题会议讨论通过的《发育性髋关节脱位疗效评价标准》[11]。在末次随访时测量患者髋关节的活动范围,包括髋关节的屈曲、外展、内收、内旋和外旋情况。活动范围用角度表示,不同的角度范围评分区间为0~5分。同时评价患者的疼痛(0~2分)、下蹲(0~2分)、步态(0~2分)、Trendelenburg征(0~2分)以及肢体短缩情况(0~2分),满分15分[11]。根据上述髋关节功能评价标准,评分为9分及以下诊断为髋关节功能不满意。

三、统计学分析

采用SPSS 13.0进行统计学分析。采用非条件Logistic回归分析年龄、性别、侧别、术前Tönnis分级、术前AI、骨盆截骨方式、股骨截骨以及AVN与髋关节功能不满意发生率之间的关系。P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

结  果

患儿平均手术年龄(48.8±26.3)个月,其中女51例(81.0%),男12例(19.0%)。左侧30例(47.6%),右侧20例(31.7%),双侧13例(20.7%)。平均随访时间(39.4±23.9)个月。

63例(76髋)DDH中,术前AI平均为(35.9±6.1)°。根据Tönnis脱位程度分级,Ⅱ度10髋(13.2%),Ⅲ度39髋(51.3%),Ⅳ度27髋(35.5%)。有2髋(2.6%)出现再脱位,均再次行切开复位术。

末次随访时,AI值平均(16.4±9.3)°,CEA平均(29.6±14.4)°。18髋(23.7%)出现AVN,其中Ⅱ型8髋(10.5%),Ⅲ型5髋(6.6%),Ⅳ型5髋(6.6%)。Severin Ⅰ级33髋(43.4%),Ⅱ级22髋(28.9%),Ⅲ级16髋(21.1%),Ⅳ级4髋(5.3%),Ⅴ级1髋(1.3%)。

根据髋关节功能评定标准,20髋(26.4%)为优(图 1),34髋(44.7%)为良好,9髋(11.8%)为可,13髋(17.1%)为差。

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图 1 25月龄,女性,右侧DDH,行单纯切开复位     A-E为末次随访时(术后2年)功能状况的X线片,末次随访时无关节僵硬,髋关节屈曲、外展以及内外旋活动良好; F、G、H为术前、术后及末次X线片 Fig. 1 A 25-month-old girl with right DDH undergoing simple open reduction

22髋(28.9%)诊断为髋关节功能不满意。髋关节功能不满意组的手术年龄显著高于满意组(P=0.036)。单纯切开复位组(图 1)的关节功能不满意发生率显著低于骨盆Salter/Pemberton截骨组(图 2)和骨盆三联截骨组(P=0.039)。有股骨截骨的患者关节功能不满意发生率显著高于无股骨截骨者(P=0.013)。有AVN的患者关节功能不满意发生率显著高于无AVN组(P=0.001)。详见表 1图 3

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图 2 3岁7月龄,女性,双侧DDH,先后行左侧和右侧(间隔6个月)切开复位+骨盆Salter截骨+股骨短缩去旋转截骨术     A-H为末次随访时(术后4年)的功能状况,末次随访时有明显的关节功能障碍,双髋屈曲、外展明显受限,内旋和外旋活动尚可; I-L为术前、术后及末次X线片 Fig. 2 A 43-month-old girl with bilateral DDH undergoing left and right open reductions (6 months apart) plus pelvic Salter osteotomy and femoral shortening derotating osteotomy

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图 3 4岁6月龄,女性,右侧DDH,行切开复位+Salter截骨+股骨短缩截骨术,术后出现Ⅳ型AVN     A-E为末次随访时(术后3年)功能状况的X线片,末次随访时有明显的关节功能障碍。右髋屈曲、外展、内旋明显受限,外旋活动可; F、G、H为术前、术后及末次X线片 Fig. 3 A 54-month-old girl with right DDH undergoing open reduction plus Salter osteotomy and femoral shortening osteotomy.There was a postoperative onset of type Ⅳ AVN

表 1 各临床因素与髋关节功能不满意发生率之间的关系 Table 1 Relationship between various factors and incidence of unsatisfactory hip function

关节功能不满意组的术前AI、性别、侧别、Tönnis脱位程度分级与功能满意组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),详见表 1

Logistic回归提示骨盆截骨、股骨截骨、AVN是DDH开放复位术后功能不满意的独立风险因素,而年龄不是独立的风险因素,详见表 2

表 2 DDH开放复位术后髋关节功能不满意的风险因素 Table 2 Risk factors for unsatisfactory hip function after open reduction for DDH

无骨盆截骨患者的年龄显著低于Salter/Pemberton截骨和三联截骨的患者(P < 0.001)。无股骨截骨的患者年龄显著低于有股骨截骨的患者(P=0.046),无AVN与有AVN的患者年龄差异无统计学意义(P=0.231)。

讨  论

本组病例中,28.9%的患者髋关节功能不满意,与既往报道结果类似。李海冰等[12]报道了19例(38髋)DDH患者,采用开放复位、Salter截骨、股骨短缩截骨治疗,结果11髋(28.9%)功能评分等级为不满意。Ning等[13]报道了652例(864髋)DDH,全部采用开放复位、骨盆截骨、股骨短缩截骨治疗,结果显示20.6%的患者功能不满意。其它的研究也报道了20% ~25%的髋关节功能不满意率[3, 14-17]。在本研究中,我们采用周永德和吉士俊[11]制定的《先天性髋脱位疗效评定标准》,根据定量测量的髋关节各个方向的活动范围进行评分,同时考虑了疼痛、步态下蹲、肢体短缩、Trendelenburg征的评估。因此,本研究可以更准确地评价髋关节的功能。

目前,既往多数研究显示大龄DDH患者切开复位术后髋关节功能较差。Ning等[13]回顾性分析了864髋采用切开复位、骨盆截骨治疗的DDH患者临床资料,结果显示髋关节功能随年龄增大而明显变差,特别是年龄大于8岁者,82.9%的髋关节功能很差。Eamsobhana等[16]、Chen等[17]、刘昆等[18]也曾得出同样的结论。尽管本研究单因素分析中提示年龄越大,DDH开放复位术后功能越差,但在进一步的Logistic回归分析中显示,年龄并不是DDH开放复位术后功能不满意的独立风险因素。因为股骨截骨、骨盆截骨的患者年龄显著大于无截骨的患者,因此年龄大的患者髋关节功能不满意,可能主要与大龄患者采用了创伤面积更大的手术方式有关。

本研究显示,手术创伤是DDH术后关节功能不满意的风险因素。单纯开放复位的患者髋关节功能不满意发生率显著低于骨盆截骨的患者。对于年龄18~24个月以上的DDH患者,不同年龄患者所采取的手术方式也不同。年龄较小的患者可以采取单纯切开复位,随着年龄的增大,需要加做骨盆截骨和股骨短缩去旋转截骨术。本组病例中,很多年龄大于5岁的患者采用了骨盆三联截骨矫形,手术创伤也明显增大。多数骨盆截骨的患者还同时进行了股骨截骨,我们的结果显示股骨截骨的患者髋关节功能不满意率也明显升高。此外,术后石膏或支具外固定时间长以及伤口感染等也可能增加髋关节僵硬的风险[3, 19]

尽管目前导致手术后关节功能不满意的具体机制尚不明确,但是创伤后关节僵硬已经得到很多动物实验的证实[20, 21]。既往研究报道,关节囊损伤、周围组织纤维化以及创伤后异位骨化等均可导致关节僵硬的产生[21-23]。而DDH切开复位中,关节囊必定会损伤,且周围组织纤维化和创伤后异位骨化也可能随着手术创伤的扩大而明显增加,并最终可能导致关节僵硬的产生。此外,截骨矫形时由于股骨头过度覆盖也可能影响髋关节的活动范围,导致功能不满意[24]

本研究还显示,AVN的发生会增加髋关节功能不满意的发生率。严重的AVN可导致关节功能障碍,究其原因,一是AVN导致股骨头形态改变(扁平、膨大等),使头臼不匹配,从而导致髋关节活动受限;二是当AVN出现时,局部有明显的缺血性改变,从而引起髋关节腔内无菌性炎症的持续存在,进而导致髋关节功能障碍[25]

此外,术后康复训练的不足也可能会增加DDH切开复位术后关节功能不满意的发生率。由于本组病例均没有进行系统的康复训练,因此本研究没有探讨康复训练与髋关节功能之间的关系。不过,既往有研究显示DDH切开复位术后髋关节的功能与康复训练存在一定关系,术后早期功能锻炼能够有效改善髋关节功能、减少髋关节僵硬[19, 26, 27]

目前,DDH切开复位术后髋关节功能障碍的治疗仍存在诸多困难。国内一些医院采用了早期功能锻炼、手法康复治疗等方式[19, 26, 27]。此外,也有学者采用全麻下手法关节授动治疗来改善髋关节功能。刘莹等[3]报道了193例(226髋)切开复位术后出现关节僵硬的DDH患者,在全麻下进行手法关节授动治疗,结果显示82.3%的髋关节能够获得功能改善。然而,由于该研究缺乏对照组,因此其疗效还有待于进一步证实。

本研究也存在一定的不足之处。一是本研究纳入的患者年龄跨度大,但由于病例数不多,因此没有分别对每个年龄段进行研究。二是本研究没有在不同的时间点对DDH患者的髋关节功能状况进行评估,因此还需进一步验证时间推移对DDH术后髋关节僵硬的影响。

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