临床小儿外科杂志  2019, Vol. 18 Issue (9): 757-762
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昂丹司琼对日间手术患儿术后恶心呕吐的预防作用研究
王东披1 , 黄文芳1 , 赵佳莲1 , 李灿萍2 , 张婷婷2 , 苏肖华2 , 黄瑾瑾1 , 黄寿奖2,3     
1. 浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院麻醉科(浙江省杭州市, 310052);
2. 浙江大学医学院附属儿童日间手术病房(浙江省杭州市, 310052);
3. 浙江大学医学院附属儿童医新生儿外科(浙江省杭州市, 310052)
摘要目的 探讨5-HT3受体拮抗剂昂丹司琼在日间手术使用过程的安全性及其对术后24 h内恶心、呕吐的预防效果。方法 统计浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院2017年4月至2017年12月间2 002例接受日间手术患儿术后24 h内恶心、呕吐和其他并发症的发生情况,根据是否预防性给予昂丹司琼分为昂丹司琼组(OND组)和对照组,评估昂丹司琼预防术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)的安全性和有效性,并对导致术后呕吐(postoperative vomiting,POV)的危险因素进行分析。结果 OND组PONV和POV发生率明显低于对照组(PONV:5.4%vs.8.8%,P < 0.05;POV:3.2%vs.6.8%,P < 0.005)。就麻醉方式而言,昂丹司琼在基础麻醉复合局部浸润麻醉中对PONV/POV的预防作用比复合骶管神经阻滞的效果更好(PONV:OR=0.24,95% CI:0.113~0.508;POV:OR=0.207,95% CI:0.084~0.509)。就手术方式而言,昂丹司琼对POV的预防作用在鞘膜积液手术中最为理想(OR=0.067,95% CI:0.007~0.618,P=0.002)。采用基础麻醉复合骶管神经阻滞(RR=1.712,95% CI:1.097~2.672,P=0.017)、接受腹股沟斜疝手术(RR=1.946,95% CI:1.262~3.000,P=0.002)和男性(RR=1.829,95% CI:1.081~3.095,P=0.023)是导致术后POV的危险因素。结论 昂丹司琼可有效降低日间手术患儿PONV和POV的发生率,加速患儿术后康复进程,增加就医舒适度。推荐在日间手术(尤其是下腹部腹股沟斜疝和鞘膜积液手术)患儿中使用昂丹司琼以预防PONV/POV。
关键词儿童; 麻醉; 手术后恶心呕吐; 门诊手术; 快速康复外科
Efficacies of prophylactic ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing ambulatory surgeries
Wang Dongpi1 , Huang Wenfang1 , Zhao Jialian1 , Li Canping2 , Zhang Tingting2 , Su Xiaohua2 , Huang Jinjin1 , Huang Shoujiang2,3     
1. Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China;
2. Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China;
3. Department of Neonatal Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV)within 24h in children undergoing ambulatory surgeries. Methods A total of 2 002 children undergoing ambulatory surgeries were enrolled.The ondansetron group received prophylactic ondansetron while the control group did not.The anesthetic methods and surgical procedures were reviewed and the postoperative occurrences of nausea-vomiting within 24 hours assessed. Results There were no complications associated with ondansetron.The incidence of PONV and postoperative vomiting(POV)was significantly less in the ondansetron group than that in the control group(PONV 5.4% vs.8.8% in control, P < 0.05; POV 3.2% vs.6.8% in control, P < 0.05).In children with basal plus local infiltration anesthesia, the preventive efficacy of ondansetron seemed be superior to combined use of caudal block(OR=0.24(0.113-0.508)in PONV; OR=0.207(0.084-0.509)in POV).The best prophylactic efficacy was observed in ligation of traffic tube for hydrocele with caudal block[OR=0.067(0.007-0.618), P=0.002].Basal anesthesia plus caudal block[RR=1.712(1.097-2.672), P=0.017], high ligation of hernial sac[RR=1.946(1.262-3.000), P=0.002]and male[RR=1.829(1.081-3.095), P=0.023]were risk factors while prophylactic dosing of ondansetron served as a protective factor for POV. Conclusion Prophylactic ondansetron is both safe and effective for reducing the incidence of PONV and POV in children undergoing short-time ambulatory surgeries without related complications.The preventive efficacy of ondansetron improves medical comforts.It is recommended for preventing PONV/POV in children undergoing ambulatory surgeries, especially for those with inguinal hernia and hydrocele.
Key words: Child; Anesthesia; Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting; Ambulatory Surgery; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery

术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV)诱因复杂[1], 可导致患儿出院延迟、反流误吸、缝合裂开、脱水、电解质紊乱等一系列不良事件的发生[2], 不利于术后快速康复。由于小儿日间手术通常时间较短、侵入性小, 手术当日即可出院, 因此在恢复室、日间病房和出院回家后的任何时段均可能出现PONV[3, 4], 由于出院后发生的PONV无法得到及时有效的治疗, 故危险更大[5-7]。术后呕吐(postoperative vomiting, POV)的发生率与手术类型、麻醉时间、年龄、反复多次使用阿片类药物、患儿及其直系亲属PONV/POV病史和晕车史等因素密切相关, 并已经初步形成了手术后期呕吐(vomiting in the post operative period, VPOP)评分系统[8-11]。因我院日间病房不实施耳鼻咽喉科和眼科手术, 也未多次使用阿片类药物, 手术麻醉时间均控制在45 min以内, 故所有患儿的VPOP评分均不高于3分, 属于低中风险[11]。根据2014年指南, 此种情况可采用1~2种干预措施进行PONV的预防, 其中昂丹司琼是成人最为常用的5-HT3受体拮抗剂之一, 它能与中枢化学感受器触发区和外周胃肠道内迷走神经5-HT3受体结合, 产生止吐作用[4, 12]。之前的报道中昂丹司琼多用于住院患儿, 对门诊日间手术患儿的使用经验较为欠缺[13]。本研究旨在初步评估昂丹司琼在日间手术患儿中的使用效果, 以期建立合适的方式预防日间短小手术PONV/POV的发生, 加快患儿术后康复进程。

材料与方法 一、临床资料

经浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院伦理委员会同意(审批件编号:2018-IRB-002), 收集2017年4月至2017年12月本院2 002例接受日间手术患儿的临床资料进行回顾性研究。其中男1 378例, 女624例, 平均年龄(3.12±2.45)岁, 手术时长(15.53±5.38)min, ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级。2 002例中包括腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎术877例、鞘膜积液交通管结扎术180例、包皮环切术116例、拇指腱鞘炎肌腱松解术345例、多并指切除术114例和浅表血管瘤或肿块切除术370例。

二、麻醉方法和PONV/POV观察

所有患儿采用咪达唑仑0.15 mg/kg(总量不超过3 mg)、喷他佐辛0.45 mg/kg(总量不超过9 mg)和丙泊酚2 mg/kg(总量不超过50 mg)进行基础麻醉, 术前均不使用抗胆碱药物[14]。腹股沟斜疝和鞘膜积液手术采用复合骶管神经阻滞(0.6% ~0.8%利多卡因, 1 mL/kg), 其他手术采用复合局部浸润麻醉(0.8%利多卡因, 总量不超过5 mL), 术中出现体动单次追加丙泊酚1 mg/kg。

术前禁食固体和配方奶粉6 h, 母乳喂养4 h, 清饮2 h。根据是否使用昂丹司琼分为昂丹司琼组(OND组)和对照组, OND组在麻醉诱导时静注昂丹司琼0.1 mg/kg(总量不超过4 mg), 对照组未给予任何抗吐药物。围术期监测血压、心电图、呼吸和经皮血氧饱和度。完全苏醒后30 min进食水, 无不适后出院, 观察术后24 h恶心、呕吐、发热、疼痛和创口渗血等并发症的发生情况。在院内出现严重PONV者, OND组静脉注射地塞米松(0.2 mg/kg), 对照组静脉注射昂丹司琼(0.1 mg/kg)。

三、统计方法

数据采用SPSS19.0进行统计学分析。计量资料(如手术时长)采用(x±s)进行描述, 采用独立样本t检验进行组间对比; 计数资料(如PONV发生率)采用百分比表示, 采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法进行组间对比, POV的危险因素分析采用二元Logistic回归, P < 0.05为差异有统计学差异。

结  果

两组围术期生命体征均平稳, 不同手术种类麻醉方式的构成比存在显著差异(P=0.001), 男性患儿占多数, 但是两组间性别比例无显著差异(P>0.05), 手术时间和术后发热、疼痛和创口渗血等并发症发生率两组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组16例出现严重PONV而使用昂丹司琼, 而OND组无一例严重PONV发生。患儿均在手术当日出院, 2 002例日间手术患儿基本资料详见表 1

表 1 002例日间手术患儿基本资料(%, x±s) Table 1 Basic characteristics of 2002 children undergoing ambulatory day-care surgeries.Values were number(%, x±s)

由于手术方式和麻醉方式之间存在较强的相关性, 两组使用昂丹司琼者比例不同, 年龄分布也存在差异, 因此采用二元Logistic回归以尽可能排除多种不均衡因素对研究结果的影响, 结果显示:基础麻醉复合骶管神经阻滞(RR=1.712, 95%CI: 1.097~2.672, P=0.017), 腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎术(RR=1.946, 95%CI:1.262~3.000, P=0.002)和男性(RR=1.829, 95%CI:1.081~3.095, P=0.023)是导致POV发生的危险因素, 而预防性静注昂丹司琼(RR=0.444, 95%CI:0.289~0.680, P < 0.001)则为保护因素。详见表 2

表 2 POV危险因素分析结果 Table 2 Risk factors for POV

和对照组相比, OND组术后24 h内PONV和POV发生率显著降低(PONV:5.4% vs.8.8%, P<0.05;POV:3.2% vs.6.8%, P<0.05), 相比于基础麻醉复合骶管神经阻滞, 复合局部浸润麻醉患儿中昂丹司琼的PONV、POV预防效果更优, 其中PONV的OR值为0.24(95%CI:0.113~0.508), POV的OR值为0.207(95%CI:0.084~0.509)。昂丹司琼在不同手术种类中预防POV的作用大小也不相同, 本研究中作用从大到小排序依次为:鞘膜积液交通管结扎术(OR=0.067, 95%CI:0.007~0.618, P=0.002)、拇指腱鞘炎肌腱松解术(OR=0.195, 95%CI:0.041~0.915, P=0.022)、浅表血管瘤肿物切除术(OR=0.273, 95%CI:0.074~1.008, P=0.038)和腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎术(OR=0.551, 95%CI:0.307~0.988, P=0.043);而在多并指切除术(OR=0.564, 95%CI:0.478~1.664, P=0.083)和包皮环切术(OR=0.224, 95%CI:0.020~2.557, P=0.190)中, OND组和对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。详见表 3表 4

表 3 不同麻醉方式中昂丹司琼对PONV/POV的预防作用 Table 3 Efficacies of prophylactic ondansetron for PONV/POV in different anesthetic modes.Values were number(proportion)

表 4 不同手术类型中昂丹司琼对PONV/POV的预防作用 Table 4 Effects of prophylactic ondansetron on PONV/POV in different operative types.Values were number(proportion)
讨  论 一、日间手术使用昂丹司琼的安全性

我院日间病房主要收治ASA评级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的患儿, 常规检测心电图无明显异常, 也通常不存在急性呼吸道和消化道感染, 使用昂丹司琼后未出现心电图改变(如Q-T间期延长)、头痛、眩晕、便秘、腹泻、肝功能异常, 术后仅少数患儿出现发热、疼痛和创口渗血等手术相关并发症[1, 4, 12]。根据药物使用说明书, 过敏和胃肠道梗阻为昂丹司琼使用的禁忌证, 而我院日间手术不收住胃肠道梗阻患儿, 术前询问无昂丹司琼过敏史; 同时, 说明书中提及为预防儿童术后出现恶心、呕吐建议采用0.1 mg/kg的剂量, 剂量使用上限为4 mg, 未提及年龄限制问题。本研究中所用剂量和说明书中相符, 结合本次的研究结果, 可以认为在我院日间手术中使用昂丹司琼是安全的。

二、昂丹司琼预防日间手术PONV/POV的有效性

我院日间手术的特点包括:采用静脉麻醉而非吸入麻醉, 采用单次阿片类药物注射而非多次, 采用基础麻醉复合区域麻醉而非气管插管全身麻醉; 在麻醉方法的选择上一定程度降低了PONV/POV的发生率[15]。同时严格控制禁食时间, 保证术前2 h清饮。由于容易导致POV(如扁桃体腺样体切除术、斜视手术)[16]、持续时间长或患儿失血量大的手术基本都不在日间手术室进行, 因此避免了阿片类的反复使用和患儿体液容量的过多丢失[11, 17]。我院日间手术POV基础发生率为6.8%, 比文献报道水平(24%左右)低[11]。在POV基线发生率较低的基础上, 使用昂丹司琼仍能进一步降低PONV和POV的发生, 由此可见昂丹司琼的预防作用是明确的。同时, 使用昂丹司琼后也减轻了PONV的严重程度, 而无需药物处理。我院开展的日间手术中, 腹股沟斜疝和鞘膜积液两种手术占比较高(52.8%), 而且两者手术路径一致, 都会刺激中枢化学感受器触发区和外周胃肠道的迷走神经受体, 导致恶心呕吐的发生。虽然这两种手术并非POV高危手术, 但是发生PONV/POV后的不良后遗症风险大, 因此VPOP评分结果判定为低危和中危的患儿都应进行预防性抗吐处理[4]。使用昂丹司琼后患儿的就诊体验得到了明显改善, 同时也没有出现因恶心、呕吐而再次就诊的情况, 有助于术后康复进程的加速。

随着快速康复外科理念的推广, 术后恢复中谵妄、疼痛、恶心、呕吐等影响康复和就诊体验的并发症越来越受到重视[18, 19]。在低、中风险POV的日间手术中, 预防性使用昂丹司琼可以显著降低PONV/POV的发生, 同时没有药物相关并发症发生, 能帮助患儿术后康复, 增加患儿就医舒适度。推荐在日间手术(尤其是下腹部腹股沟斜疝和鞘膜积液手术)中使用昂丹司琼预防PONV/POV[20-23]。限于研究条件本文仅对患儿术后24 h的情况进行随访, 但是PONV/POV可能延续数日, 因此后期的研究可以增加随访时间, 并且将出院前和出院后发生的恶心、呕吐进一步区分开来进行分析。

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