临床小儿外科杂志  2019, Vol. 18 Issue (7): 545-547
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腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除术中肝总管狭窄或者胆总管远端蛋白栓的处理方法与技巧
李爱武     
山东大学齐鲁医院小儿外科(山东省济南市, 250012)
摘要:随着腔镜技术的发展,腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术已经成为治疗胆总管囊肿的标准术式,在国内许多医院已经广泛开展,但该术式在操作的过程中往往会遇到一些特殊情况(如伴肝总管狭窄、副肝管、肝右动脉畸形、胆总管远端蛋白栓等),笔者旨在结合自身临床经验,对伴肝总管狭窄或胆总管远端蛋白栓的术中处理经验及技巧进行总结。
关键词腹腔镜; 胆总管囊肿/外科学
Handling techniques during laparoscopy of common bile duct cysts with common hepatic stenosis or protein plug of distal common bile duct
Li Aiwu     
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China. Email: liaiwuxie@aliyin.com
Abstract: With the development of endoscopic techniques, laparoscopic choledochal cyst resection Roux-en-Y biliary anastomosis has become a gold standard procedure for choledochal cyst.While widely performed in many domestic hospitals, this procedure often encounters such special conditions as common hepatic stenosis, parahepatic duct, right hepatic artery malformation and protein plug of distal bile duct, etc.Here personal experiences and techniques of intraoperative treatment of hepatic stenosis and distal cholangioplasty were summarized.
Key words: Laparoscopes; Choledochal Cyst/SU

近年来我国腔镜技术发展较为迅速,腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术也已成为治疗胆总管囊肿的金标准术式。随着临床经验的不断积累,术者发现腹腔镜胆总管囊肿手术会碰到一些特殊的情况(如术中伴有肝总管狭窄或者胆总管远端蛋白栓),部分情况的处理较为棘手,本文将从胆总管囊肿伴肝总管狭窄、伴胆总管远端蛋白栓的处理与技巧等方面进行经验总结。

一、胆总管囊肿伴肝总管狭窄的处理方法与技巧 (一) 肝总管狭窄的诊断

通常成人的胆总管直径在4~8 mm之间[1-4],儿童胆总管直径多≤4.1 mm[5]。胆总管囊肿近端肝总管多数伴有扩张,直径通常高于正常值;对于伴肝总管狭窄的患儿,笔者术中观察到的狭窄处直径平均约1~2 mm,向近端越过狭窄处多会出现扩张,而且常伴有结石;少数患儿狭窄端较长(延伸至左右肝管汇合处),甚至累及左肝管和(或)右肝管[6, 7]。医者在术前会对磁共振胆胰管成像结果有一个基本的判断,如出现左右肝管、肝总管近端扩张且与胆总管囊肿之间存在一段狭窄需要考虑肝总管狭窄可能;术中胆管造影及腔镜探查结果会进一步证实有无狭窄。笔者通过手术探查证实大多数病例均符合上述临床特征(图 1A),总结分析其所在团队收治的164例接受腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除胆肠吻合术患儿的临床资料,术中发现伴肝管狭窄19例(11.5%);与以往开放手术得到的结果(3/50)相比,肝总管狭窄通过腹腔镜被发现的概率偏高(P<0.05),而这也正是腹腔镜优点之一,因为腹腔镜有放大局部视野作用,相比于开放手术对病灶部位的探查更加清晰[8]

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图 1 肝总管狭窄术中腔镜探查结果 Fig. 1 Findings of intraoperative laparoscopic exploration of common hepatic stenosis
(二) 肝总管狭窄的术中处理

如果术中不处理肝总管狭窄(特别是对于伴肝总管结石的患儿),术后胆道梗阻症状不能被解除,则患儿术后易表现出吻合口狭窄,这会继续加重对肝脏的损害[9, 10]。术中往往通过肝管成形术对此问题进行处理,如有肝总管狭窄,则采用前壁向近端游离、切开、成形的方法取出结石,并采用腹腔镜探查左右肝管[7, 8],多数被处理过的狭窄段仍处于肝总管段,近端多有扩张(图 1B),镜下与肠管吻合的过程仍比较方便。个别肝总管狭窄较长者可切开至左右分叉处后再行肝肠吻合术,此方法安全可行。

对于肝总管狭窄段长度较长、左右肝管都不扩张、无结石且估计切开成形后吻合仍较困难者,笔者介绍一种可行的吻合方法:将空肠升支切开小孔,将肝总管置入肠管内,从外部缝合肝总管与肠管浆肌层即可(类似于输尿管膀胱移植术方法),此方法操作简单、可行。

二、伴胆总管远端蛋白栓的处理与技巧 (一) 伴胆总管远端蛋白栓的诊断

由于胆总管囊肿患儿胆汁储存、淤积,水分吸收后会形成胆色素结石以及蛋白栓,尤其蛋白栓多位于远端与胰管的共同管内,容易造成胆汁与胰液的梗阻。术前多伴腹痛,实验室检查常发现胆红素、胰淀粉酶升高;磁共振胆胰管成像会发现共同管内存在显影缺损,而术中胆管造影是最理想的确诊方法(图 2)。

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图 2 伴胆总管远端蛋白栓磁共振胆胰管成像特征 Fig. 2 Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatographic features of distal protein plug
(二) 胆总管远端蛋白栓的处理

经术中造影证实共同管内有蛋白栓者必须于术中解除,否侧术后胰腺炎症状不会得到缓解[11]。处理方法如下:①单纯用普通尿管冲洗:从trocar内置入冲洗管冲洗胆总管远端,部分蛋白栓会被冲出,但仍有部分患儿的胆总管远端蛋白栓不能通过此方式冲出;②利用胆道镜取出:从trocar孔或另外戳孔进入胆道镜,进入胆总管远端直视下用取石栏取出,没有胆道镜的情况下可用输尿管镜代替[12];③如果既没有合适器械将蛋白栓取出,单纯冲洗又不成功,笔者介绍一种切实可行的方法—加压冲洗法:先将胆总管离断,然后将双腔尿管置入胆总管远端,用圈套器结扎胆总管,使尿管不能从胆总管远端脱出,逐步从尿管内注水加压冲洗至无阻力感,说明蛋白栓已被冲入肠管内,此时再注入造影剂造影证实远端通畅(图 3),但要注意逐步尝试加压,防止暴力加压注水引起的胰管或共同管撕裂损伤。

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图 3 造影结果显示远端通畅,胆总管远端蛋白栓处理到位 Fig. 3 Angiography indicated that distal end was unobstructed and protein plug of distal common bile duct was properly treated

尽管腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除胆肠吻合术越来越普及,但初学者经历学习曲线过程(一般认为操作20例左右)后仍要小心谨慎,注意特殊情况的处理,就笔者本人的体会而言,手术实施百例以上方能较为熟练地处理各种情况,以上方法仅供大家参考借鉴。在此特别强调重视术中造影的重要性,养成常规术中胆管造影的习惯,有助于及时发现问题并进行相应的处理,力争做到完美无缺。

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