先天性胆管扩张症又称“胆总管囊肿”(choledochal cyst,CC),约80%的患者在10岁前被诊断,而手术是该病唯一的治疗手段。自1995年Farello等[1]提出腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除和肝门空肠吻合术以来,该术式因具有微创、安全、疗效理想等优势而被广泛采用,并逐渐进入成熟阶段。但近年来,随着越来越多的CC患儿在产前被发现,因此新生儿期接受手术的患儿也越来越多。虽然腹腔镜下CC手术近期结果令人满意,但术后吻合口(肝门肠吻合口)狭窄时有发生,并成为患儿接受再次手术的最主要原因[2, 3],应引起临床医生的高度重视。
一、腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除术后吻合口狭窄及原因分析文献报道开腹手术吻合口狭窄的发生率为6% ~40%[4-6],而腹腔镜手术为0.6% ~28.6%[7-12]。本中心自2005年开展腹腔镜下CC手术以来,截至2016年1月已完成腹腔镜CC切除肝门空肠吻合术396例,吻合口狭窄发生率为3.8%,平均发生时间为术后4.7年(1~10年)[13]。从狭窄发生率的数值上看,似乎腹腔镜CC手术的治疗效果优于开腹手术,然而仔细分析后发现结果并非如此。第一,几乎所有关于腹腔镜技术切除CC的报道都是回顾性的,很多报道在与开腹手术结果进行比较时都依赖于历史对照,但忽略了开腹手术技术已经得到不断改进的事实;第二,在一些研究中病情较重和(或)较复杂的患者往往会接受开腹手术而非腹腔镜手术[8, 14];第三,腹腔镜吻合技术是腹腔镜手术中最困难的操作,需要足够的训练时间和一定的操作天赋。为了吻合方便,许多文献描述的是腹腔镜肝管-肠吻合而非肝门-肠吻合,这样可能忽略肝管狭窄的情况[3, 7, 8, 13-23];第四,腹腔镜CC切除术后随访时间较短,通常不超过5年[15, 17-20],因此长期随访结果无法评估,而吻合口狭窄可能发生于术后10年或更久[13, 24];第五,为了获得较宽的初始吻合口径(1 cm左右),有些医生选择保留“喇叭口”(即部分扩张胆管),而残留的病变肝外胆管会增加远期癌变的风险[25-28],且癌变最常见的受累部位是胆肠吻合处或附近的肝管[29]。
二、腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除术注意事项为尽量避免和减少腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除术后吻合口狭窄的发生,笔者认为,在腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿近端切除术和吻合术中应注意以下几点:①吻合口狭窄多发生于Ⅰa型和Ⅳa型囊肿[4, 30-32],仔细阅读MRCP和术中胆道造影结果,有助于了解肝门胆管及肝管形态;②近端应完整切除扩张的胆总管及肝总管,同时切开左肝管肝外段(有时也包括右肝管),显露左右肝管的开口;③有肝门胆管狭窄的患儿需要切开成型,显露狭窄上的肝管;④对于新生儿和小婴儿,即使切开左右肝管分叉,吻合口径仍小于5 mm,不可留下病变“喇叭口”,应完整切除,可以采用肝门埋入空肠的吻合方式[33];吻合部并非肝总管,更非胆管,而是肝门(即左右肝管劈开后部位)开口。由于胆管断端深陷肝门内,肝管空肠吻合操作难度大,因此机器人手术更有优势。
此外,腹腔镜手术的短期优势(术后疼痛轻、美容效果好)不能分散我们对长期结果的注意力,应做好术后5年、10年甚至更长时间的随访工作。
总之,胆总管囊肿手术治疗的首要目标是保证患者的长期健康,而腹腔镜技术只是一种微创手术方法,如果想要腹腔镜下CC手术成为新的“金标准”术式,则需要通过根治性囊肿切除和宽大肝门空肠吻合术来实现。
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