临床小儿外科杂志  2019, Vol. 18 Issue (6): 467-471
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22例纽扣式电池食管异物患儿治疗效果分析
王萍 , 李赟 , 罗欣友 , 余甜甜     
湖南省儿童医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(湖南省长沙市, 410007)
摘要目的 总结儿童纽扣式电池食管异物患儿的临床特征、并发症及治疗措施,为制定儿童食管异物规范化诊疗方案提供依据。方法 回顾性收集2013年1月至2019年1月由湖南省儿童医院收治的22例纽扣式电池食管异物患儿作为研究对象,其中男童12例,女童10例,中位年龄30.5个月。19例(86.36%)发生吞咽困难,17例(77.27%)发生呕吐,5例(22.73%)发生流涎,1例(4.55%)发生恶心。病史2 h至6个月,异物滞留时间 < 6 h 6例,6~24 h 5例,24~48 h 3例,≥ 48 h 8例。异物崁顿在食管上段者14例,食管中段者3例,食管下段者5例。结果 22例患儿中19例(86.36%)治愈出院,2例(9.09%)好转出院,1例(4.55%)死亡。21例(95.45%)发生食管黏膜糜烂,12例(54.55%)发生食管周围炎,3例(13.64%)发生食管穿孔(食管气管瘘),2例(9.09%)发生食管狭窄,1例(4.55%)发生大出血。纽扣式电池食管异物所致并发症发生率最高是食管黏膜糜烂,其次是食管周围炎、食管穿孔、食管狭窄、大出血。3例食管穿孔中有1例经增强营养及控制感染后自然愈合,1例于胸外科予食管穿孔修补术后痊愈出院,1例合并食管穿孔及食管气管瘘发生大出血死亡。食管气管瘘2例中有1例于外院行胃造瘘及食管旷置术,1例食管气管瘘患儿尚在随访观察中;食管狭窄2例已行食管扩张术,其中1例疗效欠佳尚在随访观察中;结论 纽扣式电池食管异物的常见并发症是食管黏膜糜烂、食管周围炎,更为严重者可以发生食管穿孔、食管狭窄,甚至大出血死亡。对于该类患儿应尽快就医、尽早手术、采用正确有效的护理措施、加强病情观察、定期随访,这样可降低并发症发生率,有效改善其预后。
关键词食管; 异物; 治疗效果; 儿童
The therapeutic effect for 22 children with esophageal foreign bodies of button battery
Wang Ping , Li Yun , Luo Xinyou , Yu Tinatian     
Hunan Children's Hospital, Department of Ototaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Changsha 410007, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the complications and outcomes of children with esophageal foreign body of button battery. Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted for the clinical data of 22 children hospitalized with esophageal foreign bodies of button battery from January 2013 to January 2019. There were 12 boys and 10 girls with a median age of 30.5 months. The presenting symptoms included dysphagia (n=19), vomiting (n=17), salivation (n=5) and nausea (n=1). The length of disease course was 2 hours to 6 months. And the indwelling time of foreign body was < 6 h (n=6), 6-24 h (n=5), 24-48 h (n=3) and ≥ 48 h (n=8). The impaction sites were upper (n=14), middle (n=3) and lower (n=5) esophagus. Results The complications were esophageal mucosal erosion (n=21), esophageal inflammation (n=12), esophageal perforation with tracheal esophageal fistula (n=3), esophageal stricture (n=2), esophageal stenosis (n=2) and hemorrhage (n=1). The outcomes were cure (n=19), discharge after improvement (n=2) and death (n=1). One case of esophageal perforation naturally healed after strengthening nutrition and infection control. Another one was discharged after thoracic surgery for repairing esophageal perforation. One case of tracheal esophageal fistula was operated at another hospital while another one was still under follow-ups. Two cases of esophageal stenosis underwent esophageal dilation while another one was still under observations. One mortality occurred due to massive hemorrhage. Conclusion Foreign body of button battery causes great damage to esophageal wall and whole body. Medical care should be sought as soon as possible. Prompt and effective treatments, strengthening observations and regular follow-ups after discharge may reduce the incidence rate of complications and improve the outcomes.
Key words: Esophagus; Foreign Bodies; Treatment Outcome; Child

小儿食管异物是临床上较常见的急症,如果诊治不及时或处理不当,可引起严重并发症,甚至死亡[1]。国内外学者研究表明食管异物的发生率大约为1/1 000 000,常表现为吞咽困难,食管黏膜轻微损伤,但尖锐的异物或者腐蚀性异物会引起食管穿孔,进而引发纵隔脓肿、食管瘘、大出血甚至危及生命。消化道异物主要发生于儿童,其中又以6个月至6岁较多见[2]。随着电子产品日新月异,纽扣式电池运用于各类玩具中,儿童好奇心强,致使儿童误吞纽扣电池的事件时常发生。纽扣式电池食管异物患儿中有1/1 000左右的患儿因并发大出血导致死亡[3]。本研究旨在总结儿童纽扣式电池食管异物患儿的临床特征、并发症及治疗措施,为制定儿童食管异物规范化诊疗方案提供依据。

材料与方法 一、临床资料

回顾性收集2013年1月至2019年1月由湖南省儿童医院收治的22例纽扣式电池食管异物患儿为研究对象,其中男童12例,女童10例。年龄最小者9个月,最大者7岁4个月,中位年龄30.5个月。从临床表现来看,19例(86.36%)发生吞咽困难,17例(77.27%)发生呕吐,5例(22.73%)发生流涎,1例(4.55%)发生恶心。病史2 h至6个月,异物滞留时间<6 h 6例、6~24 h 5例、24~48 h 3例、≥48 h 8例。异物崁顿在食管上段14例、食管中段3例、食管下段5例,表 1

表 1 22例纽扣电池食管异物患儿临床特征 Table 1 Clinical features of button battery in esophagus of 22 children
二、治疗过程

1.术前检查:所有纽扣式电池食管异物患儿均行胸部X线平片和(或)胃镜检查、颈胸部CT等检查而收住入院。胸部X线平片检查,纽扣电池周边呈双密度指环样结构,这个与钱币异物存在典型区别(图 1)。所有患儿均在全身麻醉下行硬性食管镜检+异物取出术。

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图 1 食管异物患儿胸部X线片   A:纽扣式电池异物周边呈双密度指环样结构; B:无典型双密度指环样结构 Fig. 1 Chest film of foreign body in esophagus of a child A:The button-shaped battery had a double-density ring-like structure around the foreign object; B:There was no typical double-density ring-like structure

2.手术步骤:入院后立即禁食,完善各项术前检查, 做好术前准备,急诊予硬性食管镜下食管电池异物取出术。全麻气管插管后,患儿取仰卧肩垫高位,硬性食管镜自右侧口角进入,顺右侧舌根进镜至梨状窝,向中线移动至食管入口,下镜至食管内异物崁顿处,见分泌物潴留,抽吸干净后见黑色片状异物,异物崁顿处食管壁炭化明显,焦痂形成,周边黏膜充血肿胀伴有糜烂,予食管异物钳夹住异物后带镜同退,取出异物为一枚完整的纽扣电池,表面附着黑色坏死组织。同法再次下镜,清除食管壁焦痂,予肾上腺素生理盐水棉片收敛创面止血,并予富含维生素C的生理盐水反复冲洗创面。检查未见异物残留及明显出血后退镜,术后予留置胃管。患儿手术顺利,麻醉满意,生命体征平稳,术后视食管黏膜烧灼严重程度及并发症轻重程度转ICU或普通病房继续治疗。

三、资料收集与相关定义

记录所有纽扣式电池食管异物患儿的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、异物滞留时间、异物崁顿部位、电池新旧程度、术中处理、术后处理、并发症(食管黏膜糜烂、食管周围炎、食管穿孔、食管气管瘘、大出血、食管狭窄)。食管腐蚀伤(图 2)按其损伤程度分为3级:轻度为病变局限于黏膜层,局部充血肿胀,上皮坏死脱落;中度为病变局限于黏膜层及肌层,急性时局部溃疡形成,表面有渗出或假膜形成;重度为累及食管全层及食管周围组织,进而并发食管穿孔及纵膈炎等[4]

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图 2 内镜下纽扣式电池导致的食管腐蚀伤 Fig. 2 Esophageal caustic injuries caused by button battery under endoscope
结  果

22例患儿中19例(86.36%)治愈出院,2例(9.09%)好转出院,1例(4.55%)死亡。21例(95.45%)发生食管黏膜糜烂,12例(54.55%)发生食管周围炎,3例(13.64%)发生食管穿孔(食管气管瘘),2例(9.09%)发生食管狭窄,1例(4.55%)发生大出血。纽扣电池食管异物并发症发生率最高的是食管黏膜糜烂,其次是食管周围炎、食管穿孔、食管狭窄、大出血,所有患儿并发症情况见表 1。食管穿孔3例中有1例经增强营养及控制感染后自然愈合;1例于胸外科予食管穿孔修补术后痊愈出院;1例合并食管穿孔及食管气管瘘发生大出血死亡。食管气管瘘3例中有1例于外院行胃造瘘及食管旷置术;1例食管气管瘘患儿尚在随访观察中。食管狭窄2例已在普外科行食管扩张术,其中1例疗效欠佳尚在随访观察中。

讨  论

误服是儿童纽扣式电池食管异物常见原因之一,虽然多数预后良好,但少数病例可导致严重并发症甚至死亡[5]。食管损伤程度与纽扣电池在食管中残留时间长短及电压高低成正相关[6]。纽扣电池含有重金属及化学复合物,对食管壁具有较强的腐蚀性而导致食管壁严重损伤。患儿误吞钮扣式电池后常有呕吐、流涎、吞吐困难、吞咽痛等症状,部分患儿也有咳嗽、喉鸣、呼吸道梗阻等呼吸系统症状,较大的异物可在食管或胃管入口处产生胸骨后疼痛、青紫或呼吸困难等症状,还有少部分病例没有临床症状[7]。纽扣式电池异物特有的“双环征”是与硬币异物影像学检查的区别点,但也有影像学改变类似钱币类异物的,这与摄片角度有关。当患儿异物史不明确,诊断有疑问时,应从不同角度拍摄X线平片以免误诊而耽误治疗。对于高度怀疑纽扣式电池食管异物的患儿,应及时行胃镜检查、颈胸正位X线、颈胸部CT、食管碘油造影等检查以明确诊断。

钮扣电池是一类较危险的异物,尽早诊断,快速评估病情严重程度,制定适宜的治疗方案对患儿的预后极其重要[8]。22例患儿中21例(95.45%)发生了不同严重程度的食管黏膜糜烂,12例(54.55%)发生了食管周围炎,1例发了食管穿孔、大出血。误吞纽扣电池后应立即口服酸性饮料以中和食管内碱性物质。同时术中应给予大量生理盐水+维生素C冲洗食管创面,减轻纽扣式电池渗出液对食管的损伤。纽扣电池摄入2 h后能造成食管黏膜损伤、出血甚至食管穿孔,崁顿时间>24 h出现食管穿孔、气管食管瘘、大动脉出血等严重并发症的几率大大增加[9, 10]。因此,应尽量减少纽扣电池在体内的留置时间,以减少术后并发症的发生。

研究发现纽扣式电池食管异物主要的近期并发症为食管黏膜糜烂、食管周围炎、食管穿孔、气管食管瘘、大出血,远期并发症主要为食管狭窄。本研究发现22例患儿中主要并发症为食管黏膜糜烂和食管周围炎。术后应根据并发症和严重程度安排胃肠减压、禁食及鼻饲时间,并根据并发症情况严格掌握拔管指征。胃肠减压可以减少胃内容物反流至食管而促进创面康复,同时给予药物奥美拉唑0.4 mg·kg-1·d-1静脉滴注防止胃酸反流而保护消化道黏膜。对于轻微并发症,术后应常规禁食1~2 d,对于严重并发症,应根据食管穿孔大小、食管气管瘘恢复状况决定禁食时间。鼻饲饮食应注意各类营养素合理搭配,以促进伤口愈合。鼻饲量根据年龄与体重,从少量到适量逐渐满足机体需要。每3 h一次,鼻饲时抬高床头30° ~45°以防止呕吐。恢复自行进食后,先从温凉牛奶开始,因牛奶进入食管后形成保护膜可促进创面修复,加强口腔护理,尽量减少口腔内细菌生长。术后还应注意加强肠内肠外营养,提高机体抵抗力,预防感染。纽扣电池对局部黏膜压迫及腐蚀会导致食管穿孔,异物留滞时间越长,穿孔几率越高。本研究有1例发生食管穿孔,引发大出血,最终死亡。大出血为电池腐蚀动脉壁致糜烂破裂,病情凶险,危及生命[11]。该例患儿发生大出血的原因是家长及医务人员对出血风险评估不够、未对纽扣电池腐蚀大血管引起大出血的凶险予以足够重视,未从各方面尽早干预。因此,纽扣电池食管异物治疗期间应注意观察患儿有无发热、呕吐、腹痛、黑色大便等严重消化道损伤情况的发生。

误吞纽扣式电池后就医时间越短,食管黏膜腐蚀越轻,并发症越少;异物滞留食管上段、中段、下段发生并发症几率依次降低,异物滞留于食管上段者的食管穿孔、气管食管瘘、大出血、食管狭窄等严重并发症发生率较高;纽扣电池的新旧程度对并发症的影响较大,纽扣式电池对食管的损伤程度与食管内崁顿时间的长短以及电池内所含电量的多少有关[12]。术中创面处理尤为重要,一旦确诊纽扣电池,应尽快取出异物,并对局部糜烂、坏死组织进行冲洗,从而减少残留的强碱化合物及重金属物质继续侵蚀黏膜[13]。由于电池对局部的腐蚀,异物取出后4周内均可能发生食管狭窄,应重视术后随访,术后第4周常规行胃镜及食管碘油造影检查以确定有无继发食管狭窄[14]。有报道称电池取出18 d后仍可出现大出血等严重并发症, 因此建立出院后随访至关重要,所有病人均应每周随访1次,直至痊愈[15]。我们根据并发症轻重程度分类建立了随访记录手册,并嘱家长注意观察患儿精神、神志、面色、腹痛及大便情况以尽早发现大出血征象。

综上所述,儿童纽扣式电池食管异物,可以引起严重或致命性并发症,早期诊断,及时取出异物对预后至关重要[16]。医务人员及家长应足够重视,警惕食管穿孔、大出血、食管狭窄等严重并发症发生。正确有效的治疗护理措施、加强病情观察、定期随访、根据并发症轻重程度而采取准确及时干预措施,可降低儿童纽扣式电池食管异物并发症发生率并可有效改善其转归,促进早日康复。

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