临床小儿外科杂志  2018, Vol. 17 Issue (10): 742-746
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闭合复位动态石膏固定治疗儿童发育性髋关节发育不良的疗效分析
周庆和 , 黎艺强 , 刘远忠 , 陈伟东 , Federico Canavese , 徐宏文     
广州市妇女儿童医疗中心儿童骨科(广东省广州市, 510623)
摘要目的 研究闭合复位动态石膏固定治疗儿童发育性髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip, DDH)的疗效。方法 回顾性分析广州市妇女儿童医疗中心儿童骨科采用闭合复位动态石膏固定治疗DDH患儿276例(308髋),其中男童35例,女童241例;复位时平均年龄(15.3±4.4)个月。门诊定期行X线检查,记录再脱位发生率,采用Kalamchi-MacEwen法评估髋关节有无股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis, AVN),以及AVN的分型。末次随访时采用Severin评级对髋关节进行分级。结果 本研究发现276例(308髋)DDH患儿再脱位发生率为5.5%。Tönnis Ⅱ度的髋关节再脱位发生率低于Tönnis Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度,差异有统计学意义(P=0.027)。总体AVN发生率为11.7%,其中Ⅱ型22髋,Ⅲ型11髋,Ⅳ型3髋。末次随访时髋臼指数平均为(21.0±6.1)°。79.9%的髋关节获得满意结果(74.4% Severin评级为Ⅰ级,5.5%为Ⅱ级);20.1%的髋关节结局为不满意(19.1% Severin评级为Ⅲ级,1%为Ⅳ级)。结论 DDH闭合复位后采用动态石膏固定可以获得良好的疗效,该固定方式不会增加再脱位和AVN的发生率。
关键词髋关节/生长和发育; 脱位; 动态石膏固定; 股骨头坏死; 儿童
Closed reduction and dynamic cast immobilization for children with developmental dysplasia of the hip
Zhou Qinghe , Li Yiqiang , Liu Yuanzhong , Chen Weidong , Federico Canavese , Xu Hongwen     
Municipal Women & Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the outcomes of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) after closed reduction and dynamic cast immobilization. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a total of 276 DDH children with a total of 308 hips and a mean age of 15.3±4.4 months undergoing closed reduction and dynamic cast immobilization.Radiological examination was performed during each follow-up visit for assessing the redislocation rate and the presence of avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral epiphysis (Kalamchi and MacEwen method).Final radiographic results were evaluated with the Severin classification. Results There was a redislocation rate of 5.5%(17/308).The redislocation rate in Tönnis grade Ⅱ hips was significantly lower than that in Tönnis grades Ⅲ & Ⅳ hips (P=0.027).The overall AVN rate was 11.7% (grade Ⅱ:22 hips; grade Ⅲ:11 hips; grade Ⅳ:3 hips).At the final follow-up, the mean acetabular index was 21.0° ±6.1°.And 79.9% of hips achieved satisfactory outcomes (74.4% Severin type Ⅰ vs 5.5% type Ⅱ), and 20.1% had unsatisfactory outcome (19.1% type Ⅲ vs 1% type Ⅳ). Conclusion Dynamic cast is a viable alternative to spica cast immobilization for DDH children after closed reduction.It has similar redislocation and AVN rates compared to standard spica cast immobilization.
Key words: Hip Joint/GD; Dislocations; Redislocation; Femur Head Necrosis; Child

发育性髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip, DDH)是儿童下肢常见畸形之一,其治疗的目的是早期稳定复位,以促进髋臼发育,并避免股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis, AVN)的发生。目前,闭合复位和石膏固定是治疗6个月以上DDH患儿的标准方法[1-3]

尽管国内外诸多研究者设计了多种石膏固定方式,但髋人字石膏仍然是最常用的固定方式[4-6]。该石膏固定方式被认为是可以维持复位且最大限度减少AVN的方式[7-9]。然而在我国,还有一种被广泛应用的石膏固定方式,即动态石膏固定[10-11]。该石膏固定方式通过一根连杆保持髋关节屈曲和外展,但不固定躯干,使得股骨头可以在髋臼内进行屈伸活动。本研究旨在探讨动态石膏固定在6个月以上儿童DDH中的应用,同时与既往文献比较,分析闭合复位动态石膏固定方式对DDH患儿术后再脱位和AVN发生率以及Severin影像学评级的影响。

材料与方法 一、研究对象

回顾性分析广州市妇女儿童医疗中心2007年1月1日至2015年12月31日525例(576髋,年龄6~24月)采用闭合复位动态石膏固定的DDH患儿。排除标准为:①复位年龄>24个月者;②闭合复位失败者;③外院已经接受过治疗者;④临床资料不全或随访时间少于2年者。最终276例(308髋)DDH患儿符合入选标准,其中男童35例,女童241例;左侧144例(52.2%),右侧100例(36.2%),双侧32例(11.6%)。复位时年龄范围为6~24个月,平均年龄(15.3±4.4)个月,所有患儿行常规临床和影像学随访,随访时间为24~128个月,平均随访(41.9±19.9)个月。

二、相关评价标准

术前采用Tönnis分度方法评价股骨头脱位的严重程度[11]。AVN评价标准采用Kalamchi & MacEwen法[13]。由于Ⅰ型AVN被认为是暂时性的缺血改变,可以完全修复,因此本研究认为Ⅰ型AVN是正常的[14, 15]。末次复查时测量髋臼指数(acetabular index, AI)和中心边缘角(center edge angle, CEA),并根据Severin影像学评级方法对每个髋关节进行分级[14]。①Tönnis分度方法[11]:Ⅰ度为股骨头中心位于Perking方格内下象限;Ⅱ度为股骨头中心位于Perking方格外下象限;Ⅲ度为股骨头中心位于Perking方格外上象限且位于45°线之下;Ⅳ度为股骨头中心位于Perking方格外上象限且位于45°线之上。②Kalamchi & MacEwen法[13]:Ⅰ型为股骨头影像学改变只局限于股骨头的骨化核,但没有累及骺板。骨化核为斑片状,并且出现延迟,或者出现碎裂;Ⅱ型为破坏了股骨颈骺板外侧部分。骨化核可以部分或全部受累,早期表现生长板外侧为不规则骨化或骨桥形成。可能会出现骨化核外侧缺损,股骨颈外翻、硬化。最后通常会导致半脱位和股骨头覆盖不全。Ⅲ型为骺板中间受到侵犯,骨化核的表现同Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,通常只会导致股骨颈变短,大转子过度生长,股骨头变大,头臼不匹配。Ⅳ型为整个股骨头和骨骺受到破坏。股骨颈变大、变短,不规则,内翻畸形,大转子过度生长,最后出现半脱位,肢体变短。③Severin影像学评级[14]:1级:CE角>15°(年龄≤13岁)或CE角>20°(年龄>14岁);2级:股骨头、股骨颈、髋臼中度畸形,但CE角同1级;3级:髋臼发育不良,但不是半脱位,CE角 < 15°(年龄≤13岁)或CE角 < 20°(年龄>14岁);4级:髋关节半脱位。5级:髋关节假臼形成;6级:再脱位。

三、动态石膏固定方法

复位前,所有患者行双下肢悬吊牵引2周。在全麻下进行复位,如果内收肌挛缩阻挡复位,则行内收肌切断术。复位前常规进行髋关节造影,以便评价复位的效果,同时明确髋关节屈伸和外展处于什么角度时髋关节最为稳定。维持这一角度,把患儿至于石膏架上,双下肢缠绕棉纸和衬垫,近端至大腿根部,远端至内外踝。膝关节屈曲约90°。双下肢缠绕石膏,最后双侧小腿放置连接杆,并用石膏固定连接杆。该固定方法没有包括躯干,可以允许股骨头在髋臼内活动,例如屈曲和伸展运动(图 1)。

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图 1 动态石膏固定图 Fig. 1 Dynamic cast immobilization:pelvis was not included

石膏固定后,常规行术中骨盆正位片,以确认复位情况。石膏固定12周,其中在6周时更换一次石膏。石膏拆除后全天佩戴外展支具3~4个月,然后改为夜间佩戴,直至髋关节完全稳定。

四、随访方法

所有患儿随访时间至少2年,术后1年内每3个月复查1次,1~2年内每6个月复查1次;以后每年复查1次。每次复查时行双髋正位和蛙位照片,评估复位情况以及AVN的发生情况。

五、统计学处理

采用SPSS18.0统计软件对数据进行处理和分析,对于AVN和再脱位发生率采用频数分析,不同Tönnis分度再脱位发生率的比较采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结  果

根据Tönnis分度,276例(308髋)DDH患儿中,134髋(43.5%)为Ⅱ度,164髋(53.2%)为Ⅲ度,10髋(3.2%)为Ⅳ度。

276例(308髋)DDH患儿中,17例(17髋)出现再脱位,再脱位发生率为5.5%。Tönnis Ⅱ度的髋关节再脱位发生率低于Tönnis Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度(χ2=7.415, P=0.027)(表 1)。再脱位患儿均进行了开放复位和骨盆截骨矫形。

表 1 276例(308髋)DDH患儿Tönnis分度与AVN和再脱位发生率之间的比较 Table 1 Comparion of Tönnis with the incidence of AVN and redislocation for 276 DDH cases (308 hips)

36例发生了AVN,AVN发生率为11.7%(表 2)。Tönnis Ⅱ度的髋关节AVN发生率与Tönnis Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.553, P=0.467)(表 1)。

表 2 276例(308髋)DDH患儿AVN分型结果 Table 2 Results of AVN based upon the classification of Kal-amchi & MacEwen for 276 DDH cases (308 hips)

末次随访时,平均AI为(21.0±6.1)°,平均CEA为(22.1±8.8)°。末次随访时的Severin评级结果见表 3

表 3 276例(308髋)DDH患儿末次随访时的Severin评级结果 Table 3 Final follow-up radiographic results based upon the Severin classification for 276 DDH cases (308 hips)
讨  论

本研究显示,动态石膏固定治疗6~24个月龄的DDH患儿能够取得良好的效果。与既往研究相比,其再脱位发生率(5.5%)和AVN发生率(11.7%)并没有显著增加[16, 17]。此外,Severin分级结果也与既往研究类似。

与既往研究比较,采用闭合复位动态石膏固定治疗DDH的总体疗效与髋人字石膏固定相比无明显差异。既往研究显示,DDH采用闭合复位髋人字石膏固定治疗后62% ~93.6%的髋关节可以获得满意的影像学结果(Severin Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级)[11, 16, 18-22]。Kaneko等[21]回顾性分析了67例(75髋)DDH患儿的临床疗效,结果显示采用闭合复位髋人字石膏固定治疗后,82.7%的髋关节能够达到Severin Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级。同样,Aksoy等[22]报道了200例DDH患儿采用闭合复位髋人字石膏固定治疗,结果显示76%的髋关节获得满意的影像学结果。本研究显示:末次随访时,79.9%的髋关节Severin分级为Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级,该结果与以上报道相似。由此可见,采用动态石膏固定可以获得与髋人字石膏固定类似的影像学效果。

本研究还显示,闭合复位动态石膏固定治疗DDH的AVN发生率与髋人字石膏固定无明显差异。目前,AVN是DDH闭合复位石膏固定术后主要的并发症之一。文献报道的AVN的发生率差异较大,为0% ~67%[5, 7, 11, 16, 20-29]。Herold等[25]回顾性分析了采用闭合复位髋人字石膏固定的450例DDH患儿,结果显示AVN的发生率为12%。Gregosiewicz等[26]和Kruczynski等[27],分别分析了1 211例和823例采用闭合复位髋人字石膏固定的DDH患儿,其AVN发生率分别为21%和14%。此外,其他国内外研究也报道了类似结果[3, 5, 14, 28-37]。本研究中,AVN发生率为11.7%,与以上文献报道类似。由此可见,闭合复位动态石膏固定治疗DDH患儿不会增加显著增加AVN的发生率。

本研究采用动态石膏固定保持髋关节屈曲和外展的同时,没有固定躯干,允许股骨头在髋臼内做屈曲和伸展运动。这种固定方式与蛙式石膏固定方式不同,由于髋关节可以自由的屈伸活动,从而避免了压应力持续作用于股骨头。李连永等[30]采用动物模型研究了不同的石膏固定方式(人类位、蛙位、动态石膏)对股骨头软骨和血供的影响,发现动态石膏固定可以显著减少软骨细胞的凋亡以及对股骨头血流灌注的干扰。因此,本研究推测,这可能是动态石膏不增加AVN发生率的原因之一。

此外,再脱位是DDH闭合复位石膏固定术后的另一并发症。本研究发现17例(5.5%)DDH患儿髋关节出现再脱位,其发生率与既往研究报道的类似(1.7% ~17.4%)[7-9, 31-33]。可见动态石膏并没有增加再脱位的发生率。既往研究发现,患儿的年龄、术前AI、Tönnis分度都可能是再脱位发生的危险因素[9, 16, 31]。但是,本研究发现髋关节再脱位主要与DDH患儿的脱位程度有关,而与石膏固定方式无关。本研究显示,Tönnis Ⅱ度的髋关节再脱位发生率低于Tönnis Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度。同样,Bhaskar等[31]和Sankar等[9]研究也得出类似结论。动态石膏固定不增加DDH复位后再脱位的发生率可能与以下因素有关。一是患儿的选择,本研究对于复位后相对比较稳定的DDH患儿采用动态石膏固定,而对于复位后仍极度不稳定者,则改行髋人字或开放复位;二是动态石膏固定时髋关节外展角度需根据髋关节的稳定性决定,如果复位后髋关节安全角达到60°以上,则一般外展60°即可,如果复位后安全角<60°,则会适当增加髋关节的外展角度至70°左右,该位置能够使绝大多数髋关节获得稳定。

由于动态石膏没有固定躯干,使得家长更容易对患儿进行日常护理,而且患儿也会感到更加舒适。同时,由于髋关节能够活动,一方面有利于减少关节僵硬,另一方面通过动态刺激髋臼,有利于促进髋臼的发育。

本研究仍存在一定的局限性。一是本研究为回顾性研究;二是本研究没有直接对比动态石膏固定与髋人字石膏固定治疗DDH患儿的疗效差异。但是,本研究通过与即往文献的比较,发现动态石膏固定不会增加AVN和再脱位的发生率。

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