临床小儿外科杂志  2019, Vol. 18 Issue (12): 1057-1060, 1066
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左右侧别先天性膈膨升的临床特征及预后比较研究
严文波 , 王俊 , 潘伟华 , 武志祥 , 张旻中 , 许小幸 , 施诚仁     
上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院儿外科 (上海市, 200092)
摘要目的 先天性膈膨升(congenital diaphragmatic eventration,CDE)是一种膈肌发育缺陷的疾病,可影响呼吸功能及生长发育。本文旨在比较CDE左右侧病变的临床特征及预后。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2017年6月收治的先天性膈膨升43例,男童31例,女童12例,平均年龄12个月(2~72个月)。右侧35例,左侧8例。除1例经腹开放手术,1例经胸开放手术,2例经腹腔镜手术外,其余39例均采用胸腔镜微创手术。同时对左右侧别CDE的基本资料、临床表现、合伴畸形、胸部X线平片膈肌膨升的高度、治疗效果进行比较。随访时间平均为4.75年。结果 不同侧别CDE患儿的性别、年龄、出生体重、胎龄及分娩方式等基本资料无统计学差异(P>0.05)。合伴畸形中以先天性心脏病为主9/43(20.93%),左侧合并先天性心脏病的比例为62.5%(5/8),明显高于右侧11.43%(4/35),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。88%(38/43)CDE均有明显的呼吸道症状表现,左右侧比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.18)。但是胸部平片显示膨升膈肌高度左侧比右侧高,差异有统计学意义(t=3.18,P < 0.01)。有17例存在反复呼吸道感染病史,其感染时间的长短与膈膨升高度比较,9例符合,8例不符,故目前尚不足以证实膈膨升高度与临床症状的严重程度呈正相关。所有患儿平均住院(13.30±5.05)d后痊愈出院,出院随访发现除1例右侧CDE复发外,其他患儿临床症状均缓解。结论 先天性膈膨升是一种横膈发育缺陷疾病,以右侧多见,左右侧病变比较基本上无多大差别;左侧膈膨升合伴先天性心脏病多于右侧;左侧膈膨升横膈抬高更明显。左右侧临床症状及预后情况基本一致。
关键词胸腔镜检查; 膈膨升; 预后; 对比研究; 儿童
Clinical characteristics and efficacy comparison of congenital diaphragmatic eventration patients with left/right side lesion
Yan Wenbo , Wang Jun , Pan Weihua , Wu Zhixiang , Zhang Minzhong , Xu Xiaoxing , Shi Chengren     
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
Abstract: Objective Congenital diaphragmatic eventration (CDE) due to diaphragmatic dysplasia may impair respiratory functions and arrest normal growth.The goal of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics and prognoses of CDE patients with left versus right-sided lesions. Methods Retrospective reviews were conducted for 43 CDE children from January 2007 to June 2017.There were 31 boys and 12 girls with an average age of 12 (2-72) months.And the involved side was right (n=35) and left (n=8).The procedures included thoracoscopic mini-invasive surgery (n=39), open transabdominal surgery (n=1), open transthoracic surgery (n=1) and laparoscopy (n=2).Basic profiles, clinical manifestations, associated malformations, height of diaphragm on chest plain film and surgical efficacy were compared. Results During an average follow-up period of 4.75(1-11) years, no significant difference existed in gender, age, birth weight, gestational age or delivery mode between left/right siders.Congenital heart diseases accounted for 20.93% (9/43) of CDE-associated malformations.And 5/8 cases were diagnosed with left-side CDE and 4/35 cases with right-side CDE.A significant difference existed between the incidence of congenital heart disease associated with left-side (62.5%) and right-side (11.43%) CDE.88% of CDE children developed respiratory symptoms and no significant difference between left/right-side CDE (P=0.18).And height of elevated diaphragm was higher at left side than at right side on chest plain film (t=3.18, P < 0.01).Among 17 cases of recurrent respiratory infections, 9 cases with long-duration infection had a high level of CDE.Therefore it was insufficient to confirm that height of CDE was positively correlated with severity of clinical manifestations.The average length of hospitalization stay was (13.3±5.05) days.All patients had clinical remission except for one recurrence of right-side CDE. Conclusion CDE occurs more frequently right side.Few differences exist between left/right-side CDE except that congenital heart disease is more often associated with left-side CDE and the height of elevated diaphragm is higher at left side than right side on chest plain film.However, no significant difference exists clinical symptoms or prognosis.
Key words: Thoracoscopy; Diaphragmatic Eventration; Prognosis; Comparative Study; Child

膈膨升分为先天性膈膨升(congenital diaphragmatic eventration,CDE)和获得性膈膨升。CDE是膈肌发育不全而致病侧膈肌抬高,发病率为5/10 000,是一种少见的疾病,其疾病严重度可影响呼吸功能及生长发育,多见右侧,偶见有双侧CDE[1, 2]。严重的CDE临床表现可类似先天性膈疝,导致肺发育不全、顽固性胎儿循环、肺动脉高压。产伤所致的膈神经麻痹、纵膈肿瘤和先天性心脏病手术后等是获得性膈膨升致病的常见原因。有文献报道约5% Fontan和Blalock-Taussing分流术后会发生获得性膈膨升[3]。膈肌折叠术是外科治疗膈膨升的主要方式,常在胸腔镜辅助下完成[4]。本研究旨在比较CDE左右侧病变的差异,进一步探讨膈膨升程度与临床表现的关系。

材料与方法 一、研究对象

回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院2007年1月至2017年6月收治的43例先天性膈膨升患儿的临床资料,临床表现以呼吸道症状为主,且X线平片、CT等影像学证实为膈膨升,其中男童31例,女童12例;除1例经腹开放手术、1例经胸开放手术、2例经腹腔镜手术外,其余39例均采用胸腔镜微创手术。依据侧别分为右侧CDE组(n=35)和左侧CDE组(n=8)。比较两组患儿临床表现、合伴畸形、胸部X平片膈膨升程度、外科纠治疗效等。随访平均时间为4.75年。

二、相关定义及测量方法

膨升膈肌高度的定义及测量方法:X线平片中抬高的横膈最高点与对侧横膈之平行线之间的距离。

病变膈基底肋数的定义及测量方法:X线平片中病变侧正常横膈位于的肋骨数。

膈基底宽度的定义及测量方法:X线平片中抬高的横膈(半弧形)基底宽度,即测量外侧胸廓至脊柱中点之间的距离

三、统计学方法

采用SPSS19.0统计软件进行数据整理与分析。对于符合正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,对于偏态分布的计量资料采用中位数和四分位间距表示,两组间比较采用秩和检验;对于计数资料采用频数分析,两组间比较采用χ2检验。以α=0.05为检验水准,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结  果

本组共43例先天性膈膨升患儿,左右侧CDE患儿中性别、年龄、出生体重、胎龄及分娩方式等基本资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 1。合伴畸形中以先天性心脏病为主(9/43, 20.93%),左侧合并先天性心脏病的比例为62.5%(5/8),明显高于右侧(11.43%,4/35), 差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表 2。88%(38/43)CDE均有明显的呼吸道症状表现,左右比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.18)。但是胸部平片显示膨升膈肌高度左侧比右侧高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表 2。本组患儿除1例经腹开放手术,1例经胸开放手术,2例经腹腔镜手术外,其余均行胸腔镜微创外科手术。所有患儿平均住院时间为(13.30±5.05)d,左右侧别CDE组无统计学差异(t=0.27, P=0.79)。随访除1例右侧先天性膈膨升复发外,其余病例临床症状均得到缓解。左右侧别先天性膈膨升患儿术后营养状况和智力发育无差异(表 3表 4)。

表 1 左右侧别膈膨升患儿基本资料分析 Table 1 Clinical information of CDE patients with either left or right side diaphragm lesion

表 2 不同位置膈膨升患儿临床特征分析 Table 2 Clinical characterization of patients with different diaphragm position

表 3 左右侧别膈膨升患儿手术方式及预后分析 Table 3 Surgical operation and prognosis of CDE patients with either left or right side diaphragm lesion

表 4 左右侧别先天性膈膨升随访结果比较[n(%)] Table 4 Follow-up result comparison of CDE patients with either left or right side diaphragm lesion [n(%)]
讨  论

CDE是一种儿童少见先天性横膈肌性发育缺陷,大多数膈肌呈膜状结构,发病率报告不一。Chin[5](1956年)曾报告在胸部放射学检查的病人中约占1/1 400,男性多于女性,Cilley (2013年)及我国小儿外科(2018年)专家共识报告CDE的发病率为5/10 000[1, 2]。CDE胚胎发育不全的病因理论由Thomas(1970年)提出,他推测是横膈部肌母细胞发育生长到胸腹膜受障所致[6]。影响胚胎发育的因素可分先天与获得性两种。

关于CDE的文献大多围绕治疗方法及预后来讨论,很少有研究关注左右侧病变临床特征和疗效的差别。大多数文献报告右侧CDE多于左侧[2, 7, 8];本研究也发现先天性膈膨升以右侧多见。这是否与分娩过程中右侧颈部损伤机会大于左侧有关,还有待进一步研究。另外,有研究在膈膨升的横膈组织中发现膈肌的肌肉纤维是减少的,这可能与胚胎发育至第10周时右侧肌颈节尚未下降至横膈,而左侧肌颈节下降至横膈有关。因此,后续研究从胚胎学方面研究两侧肌颈节下降全过程,有一定临床意义[9, 10]

膈膨升以呼吸道症状为首发症状,在反复发作呼吸道感染患儿中经胸片检查方能发现膈膨升[11]。本组43例中有38例(88%),临床几乎未发现因缺氧紫绀而就诊者。还有一部分CDE称为无症状CDE,发病率约7/100 000~35/100 000,约占先天性膈膨升总例数的51%[12]

CDE患儿往往伴有其他脏器畸形,以肺发育缺陷和先天性心脏病较多见。本组43例中9例(20.93%)伴发先天性心脏病,与文献报道类似[2, 3]。进一步比较左右侧病变中合并先天性心脏畸形和横膈抬高的程度,发现差异有统计学意义,该结果国内外文献尚未提及。本研究发现左侧膈膨升的高度高于右侧,推究其原因可能是左侧有心脏阻挡了膈肌薄弱的横膈上升,故左侧薄弱的横膈循心脏边缘上升,而两侧胸腔负压相等,从而使得左侧部分横膈上升的程度高于右侧[2, 9, 13]

诸多文献发现病变程度或(和)临床症状、复发率与CDE病变体积有关[14, 15]。本研究也分析了CDE膨升程度与疾病严重程度的关系,发现膈膨升的横膈膨升高度与肺炎发生率并没有关系。但是,理论上横膈膨升高度越高,肺炎发生率也应随之增高。存在差异的原因可能与本研究中膈膨升高度的评估方法不够准确有关。

本组43例CDE患儿中随访到24例,仅1例复发需再次手术,复发原因可能是该例患儿出生后4 d就由外院经胸行开放手术治疗,新生儿期手术因患儿年龄小,横膈组织可能更为薄弱,复发概率更大。胸腔镜手术已经取代了经胸、经腹开放手术成为治疗CDE的首选术式,且治疗效果较好[1, 16-20]。本组2例经腹腔镜手术治疗,1例经开胸手术治疗,1例经开腹手术治疗,这4例均为早期病例。

先天性膈膨升是一种横膈发育缺陷疾病,以右侧多见,左右侧病变比较无明显差别。本研究发现左侧CDE合并先天性心脏病多于右侧,且左侧横膈抬高更明显,左右侧临床症状及治疗效果基本一致。

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